Discrimination of Black and Muslim Minority Groups in Western Societies: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of Field Experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832110450
Author(s):  
Lex Thijssen ◽  
Frank van Tubergen ◽  
Marcel Coenders ◽  
Robert Hellpap ◽  
Suzanne Jak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This article examines discrimination against black and Muslim minority groups in 20 Western labor markets. We analyze the outcomes of 94 field experiments, conducted between 1973 and 2016 and representing ∼240,000 fictitious job applications. Using meta-analysis, we find that black minority groups are more strongly discriminated against than non-black minority groups. The degree of discrimination of black minority groups varies cross-nationally, whereas Muslim minority groups are equally discriminated across national contexts. Unexpectedly, discrimination against black minority groups in the United States is mostly lower than in European countries. These findings suggest that racial–ethnic discrimination in hiring can be better understood by taking a multigroup and cross-country perspective.

scholarly journals Trends in age and red blood cell donation habits among several racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States

Transfusion ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1644-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Yazer ◽  
Ralph Vassallo ◽  
Meghan Delaney ◽  
Marc Germain ◽  
Matthew S. Karafin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals A Demographic Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Minority Enrollment Into HVTN Preventive Early Phase HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials Conducted in the United States, 2002-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Foy Huamani ◽  
Barbara Metch ◽  
Gail Broder ◽  
Michele Andrasik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objectives: Racial/ethnic minority communities in the United States are overrepresented among new HIV diagnoses, yet their inclusion in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials is inadequate. An analysis of enrollment demographic characteristics from US preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 1988 through 2002 showed that enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups increased. We analyzed enrollment in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 2002 through 2016 and compared our data with data from the previous study, described demographic characteristics of trial participants, and assessed how well this distribution reflected the racial/ethnic distribution of new HIV diagnoses in the United States. Methods: We examined data on demographic characteristics from 43 Phase 1 and Phase 2A preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials conducted in the United States and compared the results with those of the previous study. We also compared racial/ethnic distributions from 2011 through 2015 with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on the number of new HIV diagnoses during the same period. Results: Of 3469 participants, 1134 (32.7%) identified as a racial/ethnic minority, a 94% increase from the previous period (634/3731; 17.0%). Percentage annual enrollment of all racial/ethnic minority participants fluctuated from 17% to 53% from mid-2002 to 2016. Percentages of new HIV diagnoses among the general population were 1.9 to 2.9 times the percentage enrollment of black participants and 1.3 to 6.6 times the percentage enrollment of Hispanic/Latino participants in clinical trials for the same period. Conclusions: Although enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups into HIV vaccine clinical trials has increased, it is not proportional to the number of new HIV diagnoses among these groups. To enhance recruitment of racial/ethnic minority groups, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network has prioritized community partnerships and invested resources into staff training.

Theory and Measurement of Foreigner Objectification

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce P. Lee ◽  
Richard M. Lee ◽  
Alisia G. T. T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of foreigner objectification, or the labeling (implicit or otherwise) of members of racial/ethnic minority groups as foreigners regardless of citizenship, migration status, or length of residence. As the majority of research on foreigner objectification has emerged out of the United States, the chapter focuses on the foreigner objectification experiences of two rapidly growing US racial/ethnic groups: Latinos/as and Asian Americans. It first contextualizes foreigner objectification within the larger literature on attitudes toward racial/ethnic minority groups. It then discusses how foreigner objectification has been measured in psychological research and examines the limited but growing literature on the association between foreigner objectification and mental and physical health.

Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cultural Differences and Similarities in Executive Functioning in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianna Rea-Sandin ◽  
Kevin Michael Korous ◽  
José M. Causadias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Cuban Americans

Executive functioning has important implications for multiple developmental processes and outcomes. However, the degree to which executive functioning varies between and within racial/ethnic groups in the United States is less understood. To address this issue, we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of overall executive functioning and its three core components: inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Our goals are to: 1) examine differences across these components between Whites and minorities, as well as differences between- (e.g., African-Americans, Latinos) and within- (e.g., Latinos: Mexican-Americans, Cuban-Americans) minority groups; and 2) test potential moderators of these differences (e.g., sex, age, measure). We will address the implications of these findings in terms of support for the cultural differences and similarities hypotheses.

scholarly journals Cross-site Monitoring and Evaluation of the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project, 2012-2016: Selected Process and Short-term Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 133 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 87S-100S ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin S. Mulatu ◽  
Tamika Hoyte ◽  
Kim M. Williams ◽  
Raekiela D. Taylor ◽  
Thomas Painter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Cross Site

Objective: The Care and Prevention in the United States (CAPUS) Demonstration Project was a 4-year (2012-2016) cross-agency demonstration project that aimed to reduce HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups in 8 states (Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia). Its goals were to increase the identification of undiagnosed HIV infections and optimize the linkage to, reengagement with, and retention in care and prevention services for people with HIV (PWH). We present descriptive findings to answer selected cross-site process and short-term outcome monitoring and evaluation questions. Methods: We answered a set of monitoring and evaluation questions by using data submitted by grantees. We used a descriptive qualitative method to identify key themes of activities implemented and summarized quantitative data to describe program outputs and outcomes. Results: Of 155 343 total HIV tests conducted by all grantees, 558 (0.36%) tests identified people with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Of 4952 PWH who were presumptively not in care, 1811 (36.6%) were confirmed as not in care through Data to Care programs. Navigation and other linkage, retention, and reengagement programs reached 10 382 people and linked to or reengaged with care 5425 of 7017 (77.3%) PWH who were never in care or who had dropped out of care. Programs offered capacity-building trainings to providers to improve cultural competency, developed social marketing and social media campaigns to destigmatize HIV testing and care, and expanded access to support services, such as transitional housing and vocational training. Conclusions: CAPUS grantees substantially expanded their capacity to deliver HIV-related services and reach racial/ethnic minority groups at risk for or living with HIV infection. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing novel and integrated programs that address social and structural barriers to HIV care and prevention.

Are Immigrants Healthier? The Case of Depression among Filipino Americans

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krysia N. Mossakowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Filipino Americans ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Society ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Immigration has fundamentally changed American society by increasing racial and ethnic diversity. Yet, our knowledge of the relationship between immigrant status and mental health remains limited. This study provides evidence that Filipino American immigrants have significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms than Filipinos born in the United States, net of gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, and place of residence. I also examine the mediating effects of individualism, collectivism, ethnic identification, and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to understand why immigrants are healthier. Furthermore, my results suggest that age at immigration warrants more attention. Immigrating during childhood predicts significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms in adulthood than immigrating after childhood, independent of the duration of residence in the United States. Although this study is specific to Filipino Americans, it has implications for theories about selective migration and the social psychological ramifications of adapting to American culture as a racial/ethnic minority.

scholarly journals COVID-19-Associated Mortality among Kidney Transplant Recipients and Candidates in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. CJN.02690221
Author(s):  
Sumit Mohan ◽  
Kristen King ◽  
S. Ali Husain ◽  
Jesse Schold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on transplantation activity in the United States and globally. Several single center reports suggest higher morbidity and mortality among candidates waitlisted for a kidney transplant as well as recipients of a kidney transplant. We aim to describe 2020 mortality patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States among kidney transplant candidates and recipients. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: Using national registry data for waitlisted candidates and kidney transplant recipients collected through April 23, 2021, we report demographic and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 related mortality in 2020, other deaths in 2020 and deaths in 2019 among waitlisted candidates and transplant recipients . We quantify excess all-cause deaths among candidate and recipient populations in 2020 as well as deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 in relation to pre-pandemic mortality patterns in 2019 and 2018. Results: Among waitlisted patient deaths in 2020, 11% of deaths were attributed to COVID-19, and these candidates were more likely to be male, obese, and belong to a racial/ethnic minority group. Nearly 1 in 6 deaths (16%) among active transplant recipients in the United States in 2020 was attributed to COVID-19. Recipients who died of COVID-19 were younger, more likely to be obese, had lower educational attainment, and were more likely to belong to racial/ethnic minority groups than those who died of other causes in 2020 or 2019. We found higher overall mortality in 2020 among waitlisted candidates (24%) than among kidney transplant recipients (20%) compared to 2019. Conclusions: Our analysis demonstrates higher rates of mortality associated with COVID-19 among waitlisted candidates and kidney transplant recipients in the United States in 2020.

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