Trends in age and red blood cell donation habits among several racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States

Objectives: Racial/ethnic minority communities in the United States are overrepresented among new HIV diagnoses, yet their inclusion in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials is inadequate. An analysis of enrollment demographic characteristics from US preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 1988 through 2002 showed that enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups increased. We analyzed enrollment in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 2002 through 2016 and compared our data with data from the previous study, described demographic characteristics of trial participants, and assessed how well this distribution reflected the racial/ethnic distribution of new HIV diagnoses in the United States. Methods: We examined data on demographic characteristics from 43 Phase 1 and Phase 2A preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials conducted in the United States and compared the results with those of the previous study. We also compared racial/ethnic distributions from 2011 through 2015 with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on the number of new HIV diagnoses during the same period. Results: Of 3469 participants, 1134 (32.7%) identified as a racial/ethnic minority, a 94% increase from the previous period (634/3731; 17.0%). Percentage annual enrollment of all racial/ethnic minority participants fluctuated from 17% to 53% from mid-2002 to 2016. Percentages of new HIV diagnoses among the general population were 1.9 to 2.9 times the percentage enrollment of black participants and 1.3 to 6.6 times the percentage enrollment of Hispanic/Latino participants in clinical trials for the same period. Conclusions: Although enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups into HIV vaccine clinical trials has increased, it is not proportional to the number of new HIV diagnoses among these groups. To enhance recruitment of racial/ethnic minority groups, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network has prioritized community partnerships and invested resources into staff training.

Download Full-text

Theory and Measurement of Foreigner Objectification

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.9 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Joyce P. Lee ◽

Richard M. Lee ◽

Alisia G. T. T. Tran

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Physical Health ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Asian Americans ◽

Minority Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Mental And Physical Health

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of foreigner objectification, or the labeling (implicit or otherwise) of members of racial/ethnic minority groups as foreigners regardless of citizenship, migration status, or length of residence. As the majority of research on foreigner objectification has emerged out of the United States, the chapter focuses on the foreigner objectification experiences of two rapidly growing US racial/ethnic groups: Latinos/as and Asian Americans. It first contextualizes foreigner objectification within the larger literature on attitudes toward racial/ethnic minority groups. It then discusses how foreigner objectification has been measured in psychological research and examines the limited but growing literature on the association between foreigner objectification and mental and physical health.

Download Full-text

Treatment of Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity in Ethnic Minority Groups

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.018 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Huynh-Nhu Le ◽

Rhonda C. Boyd ◽

Ma. Asunción Lara

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Treatment Guidelines ◽

Adult Population ◽

The United States ◽

Minority Populations ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Ethnic Minority Populations

Depression is comorbid with anxiety, substance use, and medical conditions in majority and ethnic minority populations. Despite recognition of the growing diversity of racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, there are significant mental health disparities among them. This chapter reviews literature on interventions of depressive disorders and other mental and medical health conditions in ethnic minority groups. It focuses on (1) the adult population, (1) treatment interventions, and (3) ethnic minority groups in the United States. This review illustrates that research on treatment of depression comorbidity is quite limited for ethnic minorities. Therefore this chapter also discusses how cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions for major depression can further inform the extent to which interventions for depression comorbidity can be adapted for ethnic minority populations. Research gaps, recommendations, future directions, and treatment guidelines for practitioners related to depression comorbidity and ethnic minority groups are discussed.

Download Full-text

Race and Health Disparities in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Living in the United States

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.409 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 409-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Haleigh M Scott ◽

Susan M Havercamp

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Developmental Disabilities ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Hispanic Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Research has documented disparities in health care and access for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and people in racial and ethnic minority groups. Though both populations are underserved, the additive impact of being both a member of a racial/ethnic minority and having IDD is largely unknown. This study uses data from a nationally representative survey to explore health service utilization among adults with IDD belonging to minority racial/ethnic groups compared to adults with IDD who are White. The results of this study indicated that racial/ethnic minority groups are disadvantaged in several essential areas of health care utilization and that Hispanic Americans are particularly underserved. Additional research is needed to identify and address the factors driving this difference.

Download Full-text

A Review of Diagnosis and Service Disparities Among Children With Autism From Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States

International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1016/bs.irrdd.2018.08.003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 145-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Amber M. Angell ◽

Allison Empey ◽

Katharine E. Zuckerman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Children With Autism ◽

The United States ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Racial And Ethnic Minority

Download Full-text

A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19

International Journal for Equity in Health ◽

10.1186/s12939-021-01582-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Khanijahani ◽

Shabnam Iezadi ◽

Kamal Gholipour ◽

Saber Azami-Aghdash ◽

Deniz Naghibi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Groups ◽

The United States ◽

National Language ◽

Low Ses ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic shows the presence of health disparities, especially in terms of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) with health outcomes and access to healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We retrieved published evidence from late December 2019 through March 1, 2021. The target population was the population of the countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The exposures were defined as belonging to racial/ethnic minority groups and/or low SES. The primary outcomes of interest include (1) death from COVID-19, (2) COVID-19 incidence/infection, (3) COVID-19 hospitalization, (4) ICU admission, (5) need for mechanical ventilation, (6) confirmed diagnosis, and (7) access to testing. We systematically synthesized the findings from different studies and provided a narrative explanation of the results. Results After removing the duplicate results and screening for relevant titles and abstracts, 77 studies were selected for full-text review. Finally, 52 studies were included in the review. The majority of the studies were from the United States (37 studies). Despite the significant incongruity among the studies, most of them showed that racial/ethnic minority groups had higher risks of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, confirmed diagnosis, and death. Additionally, most of the studies cited factors such as low level of education, poverty, poor housing conditions, low household income, speaking in a language other than the national language in a country, and living in overcrowded households as risk factors of COVID-19 incidence/infection, death, and confirmed diagnosis. However, findings in terms of the association of lack of health insurance coverage and unemployment with the outcome measures as well as the association of requiring mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, and access to testing for COVID-19 with race/ethnicity were limited and inconsistent. Conclusion It is evident that racial/ethnic minority groups and those from low SES are more vulnerable to COVID-19; therefore, public health policymakers, practitioners, and clinicians should be aware of these inequalities and strive to narrow the gap by focusing on vulnerable populations. This systematic review also revealed a major incongruity in the definition of the racial/ethnic minority groups and SES among the studies. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020190105.

Download Full-text

Scientific Literacy and the Future of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States: The Unfinished Civil Rights Movement

Athens Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.30958/ajss.5-2-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 133-150

Author(s):

Henry Lee Allen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Civil Rights ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Civil Rights Movement ◽

Scientific Literacy ◽

Minority Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

The Future

Download Full-text

Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0021 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anuradha Basu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Empirical Literature ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽

Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽

And Performance ◽

Definition Of

This article reviews the existing theoretical and empirical literature on ethnic entrepreneurship. It primarily focuses on empirical research conducted in Britain and the United States. It examines the definition of ethnic entrepreneurship and evaluates the forces affecting entry into ethnic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial survival and success, as well as the factors underlying the heterogeneity in entrepreneurial behaviour and performance among ethnic minority groups.

Download Full-text

Cross-site Monitoring and Evaluation of the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project, 2012-2016: Selected Process and Short-term Outcomes

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354918803368 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 133 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 87S-100S ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mesfin S. Mulatu ◽

Tamika Hoyte ◽

Kim M. Williams ◽

Raekiela D. Taylor ◽

Thomas Painter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

The United States ◽

Demonstration Project ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Short Term ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Cross Site

Objective: The Care and Prevention in the United States (CAPUS) Demonstration Project was a 4-year (2012-2016) cross-agency demonstration project that aimed to reduce HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups in 8 states (Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia). Its goals were to increase the identification of undiagnosed HIV infections and optimize the linkage to, reengagement with, and retention in care and prevention services for people with HIV (PWH). We present descriptive findings to answer selected cross-site process and short-term outcome monitoring and evaluation questions. Methods: We answered a set of monitoring and evaluation questions by using data submitted by grantees. We used a descriptive qualitative method to identify key themes of activities implemented and summarized quantitative data to describe program outputs and outcomes. Results: Of 155 343 total HIV tests conducted by all grantees, 558 (0.36%) tests identified people with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Of 4952 PWH who were presumptively not in care, 1811 (36.6%) were confirmed as not in care through Data to Care programs. Navigation and other linkage, retention, and reengagement programs reached 10 382 people and linked to or reengaged with care 5425 of 7017 (77.3%) PWH who were never in care or who had dropped out of care. Programs offered capacity-building trainings to providers to improve cultural competency, developed social marketing and social media campaigns to destigmatize HIV testing and care, and expanded access to support services, such as transitional housing and vocational training. Conclusions: CAPUS grantees substantially expanded their capacity to deliver HIV-related services and reach racial/ethnic minority groups at risk for or living with HIV infection. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing novel and integrated programs that address social and structural barriers to HIV care and prevention.

Download Full-text