A Classification of Environmental “Hums” and Low Frequency Tinnitus

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Walford
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
General Classification ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Take All

Two thousand people in the United Kingdom have complained of hearing a continuous hum, audible to themselves alone. Some of these “hummers” were given acoustic tests comprising hum-matching, normal and low-frequency audiometry, and a tinnitus versus real-airborne-noise distinguishing test. Results were compared with those from seventy-three control subjects (audiometry alone) and with fifty-five hospital out-patients known to have low-frequency tinnitus. It is shown that the frequency distributions of “hummers” hums and throbs correlate closely with those of patients' low-frequency tinnitus, although no causal link is established. A general classification of hum types is proposed and means for distinguishing them are described. Applied to 48 “hummers” these show that ten have low-frequency tinnitus and four are hearing a real airborne noise. The remaining, 4 cannot be classified, mainly because they did not take all the tests. It is not claimed that these figures apply to “hummers” in general since the 48 tested were not a true sample of the “hummer” population.

scholarly journals Measuring the Significance of Policy Outputs with Positive Unlabeled Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
RADOSLAW ZUBEK ◽  
ABHISHEK DASGUPTA ◽  
DAVID DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pu Learning ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Small Set

Identifying important policy outputs has long been of interest to political scientists. In this work, we propose a novel approach to the classification of policies. Instead of obtaining and aggregating expert evaluations of significance for a finite set of policy outputs, we use experts to identify a small set of significant outputs and then employ positive unlabeled (PU) learning to search for other similar examples in a large unlabeled set. We further propose to automate the first step by harvesting “seed” sets of significant outputs from web data. We offer an application of the new approach by classifying over 9,000 government regulations in the United Kingdom. The obtained estimates are successfully validated against human experts, by forecasting web citations, and with a construct validity test.

scholarly journals The BACH classification of long bone osteomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Hotchen ◽  
Maria Dudareva ◽  
Jamie Y. Ferguson ◽  
Parham Sendi ◽  
Martin A. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Clinical Imaging ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Long Bone Osteomyelitis

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the clinical application of, and optimize the variables used in, the BACH classification of long-bone osteomyelitis. Methods A total of 30 clinicians from a variety of specialities classified 20 anonymized cases of long-bone osteomyelitis using BACH. Cases were derived from patients who presented to specialist centres in the United Kingdom between October 2016 and April 2017. Accuracy and Fleiss’ kappa (Fκ) were calculated for each variable. Bone involvement (B-variable) was assessed further by nine clinicians who classified ten additional cases of long bone osteomyelitis using a 3D clinical imaging package. Thresholds for defining multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were optimized using results from a further analysis of 253 long bone osteomyelitis cases. Results The B-variable had a classification accuracy of 77.0%, which improved to 95.7% when using a 3D clinical imaging package (p < 0.01). The A-variable demonstrated difficulty in the accuracy of classification for increasingly resistant isolates (A1 (non-resistant), 94.4%; A2 (MDR), 46.7%; A3 (extensively or pan-drug-resistant), 10.0%). Further analysis demonstrated that isolates with four or more resistant test results or less than 80% sensitive susceptibility test results had a 98.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 96.6 to 99.6) and 98.8% (95% CI 98.1 to 100.0) correlation with MDR status, respectively. The coverage of the soft tissues (C-variable) and the host status (H-variable) both had a substantial agreement between users and a classification accuracy of 92.5% and 91.2%, respectively. Conclusions The BACH classification system can be applied accurately by users with a variety of clinical backgrounds. Accuracy of B-classification was improved using 3D imaging. The use of the A-variable has been optimized based on susceptibility testing results. Cite this article: A. J. Hotchen, M. Dudareva, J. Y. Ferguson, P. Sendi, M. A. McNally. The BACH classification of long bone osteomyelitis. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:459–468. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0050.R1

Ethical classification of ME/CFS in the United Kingdom

Bioethics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United Kingdom

Welcome to proplist

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (14) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Hospital Pharmacists ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The United Kingdom

We welcome Proplist, which will ultimately grade all proprietary drug preparations available in the United Kingdom according to their relative clinical value. It is compiled by the Standing Joint Committee on the Classification of Proprietary Preparations (the Macgregor Committee). Proplist is being distributed free to doctors in general practice and in hospitals, and to hospital pharmacists. Other pharmacists and pharmaceutical firms will be able to buy copies at 4/- each.

Forensic Context Testing

2016 ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
Martin Fisher ◽  
Sarah Brown ◽  
Georgia Barnett ◽  
Helen Wakeling
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Implementation Of Standards ◽  
Test User

The forensic context is a particularly important aspect to consider when using psychometrics within this setting. There are particular ethical challenges for test users given the power imbalance experienced with test takers and the varying requirements of legislatures and jurisdictions, internationally and culturally. These issues are discussed both in terms of approach and practice, with foci on how test results are applied and also considerations of what constitutes informed consent and how that process might be understood and managed.. Issues arising in terms of validity and reliability are also discussed, with specific reference to base rates and normative sampling. The chapter also discusses the interpretation of test results and outcomes in a forensic context and across international practice. In conclusion, , the recent development and implementation of standards for registration as a forensic context test user in the United Kingdom, within EFPA guidelines, are described.

Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in the United Kingdom

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Marshall ◽  
P Damesick ◽  
P Wood
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Service Activities

The growth of output and employment in services and their dominance in many local economies have increased academic interest in service activities. This paper is an examination of the contribution of producer services to the economy and their role in uneven development. Questions of definition plague the analysis of services, and a definition and classification of producer services are proposed. Existing research on producer services is reviewed and a framework for understanding their location and role outlined.

scholarly journals COLLECTIVE MANIFESTATION OF EUROSCEPTIC PARTIES AND GROUPS CRITICAL IDEAS IN EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palupi Anggraheni ◽  
Chitra Regina Apris
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Structural Conduciveness

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU) increases awareness of how far the Euroscepticism ideas spread among EU's members. As one of the pivotal EU members, the UK's withdrawal will bring consequences, especially how other countries' members perceived this action. The research focuses on how far the Eurosceptic party's critical ideas are manifested in the European Union treaties. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative. The scope of this research will focus on the Euroscepticism parties and movements in Austria, France, Italy, Netherland, and the United Kingdom. In this study, the authors use the concept of Euroscepticism to explain the classification of parties into the Euroscepticism Hard and Soft category and Neil J. Smelser's Value-Added Collective Behaviour scheme to describe the determinants of their collective action against the European Union. The result of this research is that Euroscepticism spreads throughout Europe by manifesting their critical ideas through six determinants factor, such as structural conduciveness, structural tension, growth, and spread of general beliefs, trigger factors, participant mobility, and social control. The manifestation of critical ideas carried out by Euroscepticism parties in the three countries can be seen through the Single European Act, Maastricht Treaty, Treaty Establishing Constitution for Europe, Referendum British Exit. The culmination of collective action by the Eurosceptic parties was the launch of EU critical campaigns (No to EU!) As well as a significant vote in the EU parliamentary elections.

scholarly journals Taxation of passenger motor vehicles with environmental aspect

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom

The article deals with the issue of taxation of passenger motor vehicles in the Czech Republic and European Union member countries. It focuses on the topic of integrating environmental aspects into taxation systems of passenger motor vehicles with the aim of reducing production and releasing harmful substances into the air. CO2 emissions produced by combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by motor vehicles is described as the most harmful substance, and it is used as an tool for ecological taxation reforms in individual European Union member countries. With regards to taxation, the article deals with mechanisms of registration tax and road tax and defines relation between the two tax mechanisms and their positive and negative aspects. The article briefly defines individual taxation systems of motor vehicles in European Union member countries. In addition, it includes classification of those member countries which use CO2 emission-based registration tax and road tax. The article focuses in detail on road tax systems in Germany, Finnland and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom became the first member country to apply CO2 emissions-based rates of road tax. The conclusion of the article suggests a discussion over this issue in terms of the Czech Republic and modification of road tax based on reducing CO2 emissions.

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