Latest 30-m map of mature rubber plantations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Yunnan province of China: Spatial patterns and geographical characteristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 030913332098374
Author(s):  
Chiwei Xiao ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Zhiming Feng ◽  
Yanzhao Yang ◽  
Zhen You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Knowledge of the location, area and extent of rubber plantations is a prerequisite for assessing their ecological and environmental impacts. Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and Yunnan province (MSEA&YN) in China are globally important rubber-planting regions. Rubber cultivation in areas at moderate and low altitudes (<1000 m) within these regions has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, datasets of maps generated at a fine spatial resolution are still unavailable for MSEA&YN. Because of this, three relevant and important questions remain unanswered: what are the northernmost boundary for rubber production in these regions, what is the highest altitude at which rubber is produced, and how are the plantations distributed in (cross-) border regions? An approach of the phenology- and Landsat-based re-normalized vegetation index (RNVI), originally developed for Xishuangbanna in southern China, is used in this study to verify the feasibility of mapping mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN using the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data products acquired from January to April, 2013 to 2018. Characteristics of the vertical and horizontal distributions of mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN, as well as national differences especially in the (cross-) borders, were examined using the generated map. The results showed that the RNVI method, although tailored to the northern edge of the tropics, is useful for detecting mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN. The latest map of mature rubber plantations indicated that they occupied a total area of 7.69 × 106 ha, accounting for 3.32% of the study area. Spatial analyses showed three typical features of the distribution: new plantations at higher (over 1000 m) and lower (below 200 m) elevations, more cultivation in the borderlands (over a half within 60 km buffers), and their northward movement (as far as 25°N). The results of this study have important implications for phenological methods verification in the tropics, and provide valuable information on mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN.

scholarly journals New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wibhu Kutanan ◽  
Jatupol Kampuansai ◽  
Andrea Brunelli ◽  
Silvia Ghirotto ◽  
Pittayawat Pittayaporn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Thai People ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Demic Diffusion ◽  
Northeastern Thailand ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

AbstractTai-Kadai (TK) is one of the major language families in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), with a concentration in the area of Thailand and Laos. Our previous study of 1,234 mtDNA genome sequences supported a demic diffusion scenario in the spread of TK languages from southern China to Laos as well as northern and northeastern Thailand. Here we add an additional 560 mtDNA sequences from 22 groups, with a focus on the TK-speaking central Thai people and the Sino-Tibetan speaking Karen. We find extensive diversity, including 62 haplogroups not reported previously from this region. Demic diffusion is still a preferable scenario for central Thais, emphasizing the extension and expansion of TK people through MSEA, although there is also some support for an admixture model. We also tested competing models concerning the genetic relationships of groups from the major MSEA languages, and found support for an ancestral relationship of TK and Austronesian-speaking groups.

Hmong-Mien Languages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Compact Groups ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Rare Classes ◽  
Internal Relationships ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Hmong-Mien (also known as Miao-Yao) is a bipartite family of minority languages spoken primarily in China and mainland Southeast Asia. The two branches, called Hmongic and Mienic by most Western linguists and Miao and Yao by Chinese linguists, are both compact groups (phylogenetically if not geographically). Although they are uncontroversially distinct from one another, they bear a strong mutual affinity. But while their internal relationships are reasonably well established, there is no unanimity regarding their wider genetic affiliations, with many Chinese scholars insisting on Hmong-Mien membership in the Sino-Tibetan superfamily, some Western scholars suggesting a relationship to Austronesian and/or Tai-Kradai, and still others suggesting a relationship to Mon-Khmer. A plurality view appears to be that Hmong-Mien bears no special relationship to any surviving language family. Hmong-Mien languages are typical—in many respects—of the non-Sino-Tibetan languages of Southern China and mainland Southeast Asia. However, they possess a number of properties that make them stand out. Many neighboring languages are tonal, but Hmong-Mien languages are, on average, more so (in terms of the number of tones). While some other languages in the area have small-to-medium consonant inventories, Hmong-Mien languages (and especially Hmongic languages) often have very large consonant inventories with rare classes of sounds like uvulars and voiceless sonorants. Furthermore, while many of their neighbors are morphologically isolating, few language groups display as little affixation as Hmong-Mien languages. They are largely head-initial, but they deviate from this generalization in their genitive-noun constructions and their relative clauses (which vary in position and structure, sometimes even within the same language).

A review on the spread of prehistoric agriculture from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Xiaoyan Yang ◽  
Fahu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Prehistoric Agriculture ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

&lt;p&gt;The origins and spread of agriculture was one of the milestones in human history. When and how prehistoric agriculture spread to mainland Southeast Asia is highly concerned, which contributed to the formation of modern Austroasiatic in this region. Previous studies mainly focused on the time and route of rice agriculture&amp;#8217;s introduction into Southeast Asia while millet agriculture was not paid properly attention. Here we analyze 312 &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C dating data yielded from charred seeds of rice (&lt;em&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/em&gt;), foxtail millet (&lt;em&gt;Setaria italica&lt;/em&gt;) and broomcorn millet (&lt;em&gt;Panicum miliaceum&lt;/em&gt;) from 128 archaeological sites in China and mainland Southeast Asia. The result shows that millet farming was introduced to mainland Southeast Asia in the late third millennium BC and rice farming was in the late second millennium BC. The agriculture of mainland Southeast Asia might originate from three areas, Southwest China, Guangxi-West Guangdong and coastal Fujian. The spread route of ancient agriculture in Southwest China is close to the &amp;#8220;Southwest Silk Road&amp;#8221; recorded in literature, which infers there was possibly a channel of cultural exchanges on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau already in the late Neolithic period, laying the foundation of the Southwest Silk Road later.&lt;/p&gt;

Rediscovery of Tupistra stoliczkana (Asparagaceae) in northeastern India and the identity of T. ashihoi

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 443 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
DIPANKAR BORAH ◽  
NORIYUKI TANAKA ◽  
LEONID V. AVERYANOV ◽  
MOMANG TARAM ◽  
DILIP KUMAR ROY
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Northeastern India ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Centre Of Diversity ◽  
Flowering Stem ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia, particularly southern China and eastern Indochina, is known as an important centre of diversity for Asparagaceae (Averynov & Tanaka 2012). Tupistra Ker Gawler (1814: 1655) belonging to the subfamily Nolinoideae (Chase et al. 2009) comprises a little more than 30 species (Averyanov et al. 2019). They spread across southern and south-eastern Asia, including Nepal, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia (Tanaka 2010a). The genus is characterized usually by the leaves tapering into petiole, a relatively large stigma broader than the style, except for the very uncommon species T. siphonantha Tanaka, Vislobokov & Hannon (2018: 32), a stout terete style almost as thick as the ovary and tuberculate (rarely smooth), globular berry-like fruits (Tanaka 2010a). Eight species of Tupistra have been reported for India: T. ashihoi Roy, Odyuo & Averyanov (2017:52), T. clarkei Hooker (1892: 325), T. khasiana Roy, Mao & Averyanov (2017: 257), T. nagarum Odyuo, Roy & Mao (2018:2), T. nutans Wall. ex Lindley (1839: 1223), T. stoliczkana Kurz (1876: 199), T. tupistroides (Kunth 1848: 12) Dandy (1932: 329), and T. leonidii Roy & Mao (2018: 37). Among them, T. ashihoi and T. stoliczkana have an upright flowering stem, whereas the others have a flowering stem curved downwards.

scholarly journals Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Protosouthwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai

MANUSYA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pittayawat Pittayaporn
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Hypothetical Ancestor ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

The current ethno-linguistic landscape of mainland Southeast Asia is a result of the spread of Tai speakers from southern China. This study examines Chinese loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai, the hypothetical ancestor of all modern Southwestern Tai varieties and proposes a dating of the spread of Southwestern Tai languages. By comparing the reconstructed Proto-Southwestern Tai forms with corresponding Chinese forms, four layers of Chinese loanwords existed in Proto- Southwestern Tai, namely Pre-Later Han, Later Han Chinese, Early Middle Chinese, and Late Middle Chinese layers. These layers indicate that Proto-Southwestern Tai was in contact with Chinese at least until the Tang era. In collaboration with non-linguistic evidence, this paper therefore proposes that Southwestern Tai languages began to spread southward sometime during the eighth and the tenth centuries CE.

scholarly journals Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhou ◽  
Jingkai Ji ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Yuhai Bi ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Diarrhea Syndrome

SummaryAlthough a variety of SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses have been identified, the evolutionary origins of this virus remain elusive. We describe a meta-transcriptomic study of 411 samples collected from 23 bat species in a small (~1100 hectare) region in Yunnan province, China, from May 2019 to November 2020. We identified coronavirus contigs in 40 of 100 sequencing libraries, including seven representing SARS-CoV-2-like contigs. From these data we obtained 24 full-length coronavirus genomes, including four novel SARS-CoV-2 related and three SARS-CoV related genomes. Of these viruses, RpYN06 exhibited 94.5% sequence identity to SARS-CoV-2 across the whole genome and was the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2 in the ORF1ab, ORF7a, ORF8, N, and ORF10 genes. The other three SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses were nearly identical in sequence and clustered closely with a virus previously identified in pangolins from Guangxi, China, although with a genetically distinct spike gene sequence. We also identified 17 alphacoronavirus genomes, including those closely related to swine acute diarrhea syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Ecological modeling predicted the co-existence of up to 23 Rhinolophus bat species in Southeast Asia and southern China, with the largest contiguous hotspots extending from South Lao and Vietnam to southern China. Our study highlights both the remarkable diversity of bat viruses at the local scale and that relatives of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV circulate in wildlife species in a broad geographic region of Southeast Asia and southern China. These data will help guide surveillance efforts to determine the origins of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic coronaviruses.

Paleolithic genetic link between Southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia revealed by ancient mitochondrial genomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1125-1128
Author(s):  
Fan Bai ◽  
Xinglong Zhang ◽  
Xueping Ji ◽  
Peng Cao ◽  
Xiaotian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Genetic Link ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia
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