scholarly journals New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wibhu Kutanan ◽  
Jatupol Kampuansai ◽  
Andrea Brunelli ◽  
Silvia Ghirotto ◽  
Pittayawat Pittayaporn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Thai People ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Demic Diffusion ◽  
Northeastern Thailand ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

AbstractTai-Kadai (TK) is one of the major language families in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), with a concentration in the area of Thailand and Laos. Our previous study of 1,234 mtDNA genome sequences supported a demic diffusion scenario in the spread of TK languages from southern China to Laos as well as northern and northeastern Thailand. Here we add an additional 560 mtDNA sequences from 22 groups, with a focus on the TK-speaking central Thai people and the Sino-Tibetan speaking Karen. We find extensive diversity, including 62 haplogroups not reported previously from this region. Demic diffusion is still a preferable scenario for central Thais, emphasizing the extension and expansion of TK people through MSEA, although there is also some support for an admixture model. We also tested competing models concerning the genetic relationships of groups from the major MSEA languages, and found support for an ancestral relationship of TK and Austronesian-speaking groups.

Anthropological communities of interpretation for Burma: An overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Chit Hlaing
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis paper surveys the history of anthropological work on Burma, dealing both with Burman and other ethnic groups. It focuses upon the relations between anthropology and other disciplines, and upon the relationship of such work to the development of anthropological theory. It tries to show how anthropology has contributed to an overall understanding of Burma as a field of study and, conversely, how work on Burma has influenced the development of anthropology as a subject. It also tries to relate the way in which anthropology helps place Burma in the broader context of Southeast Asia.

Hmong-Mien Languages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Compact Groups ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Rare Classes ◽  
Internal Relationships ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Hmong-Mien (also known as Miao-Yao) is a bipartite family of minority languages spoken primarily in China and mainland Southeast Asia. The two branches, called Hmongic and Mienic by most Western linguists and Miao and Yao by Chinese linguists, are both compact groups (phylogenetically if not geographically). Although they are uncontroversially distinct from one another, they bear a strong mutual affinity. But while their internal relationships are reasonably well established, there is no unanimity regarding their wider genetic affiliations, with many Chinese scholars insisting on Hmong-Mien membership in the Sino-Tibetan superfamily, some Western scholars suggesting a relationship to Austronesian and/or Tai-Kradai, and still others suggesting a relationship to Mon-Khmer. A plurality view appears to be that Hmong-Mien bears no special relationship to any surviving language family. Hmong-Mien languages are typical—in many respects—of the non-Sino-Tibetan languages of Southern China and mainland Southeast Asia. However, they possess a number of properties that make them stand out. Many neighboring languages are tonal, but Hmong-Mien languages are, on average, more so (in terms of the number of tones). While some other languages in the area have small-to-medium consonant inventories, Hmong-Mien languages (and especially Hmongic languages) often have very large consonant inventories with rare classes of sounds like uvulars and voiceless sonorants. Furthermore, while many of their neighbors are morphologically isolating, few language groups display as little affixation as Hmong-Mien languages. They are largely head-initial, but they deviate from this generalization in their genitive-noun constructions and their relative clauses (which vary in position and structure, sometimes even within the same language).

Latest 30-m map of mature rubber plantations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Yunnan province of China: Spatial patterns and geographical characteristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 030913332098374
Author(s):  
Chiwei Xiao ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Zhiming Feng ◽  
Yanzhao Yang ◽  
Zhen You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Knowledge of the location, area and extent of rubber plantations is a prerequisite for assessing their ecological and environmental impacts. Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and Yunnan province (MSEA&YN) in China are globally important rubber-planting regions. Rubber cultivation in areas at moderate and low altitudes (<1000 m) within these regions has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, datasets of maps generated at a fine spatial resolution are still unavailable for MSEA&YN. Because of this, three relevant and important questions remain unanswered: what are the northernmost boundary for rubber production in these regions, what is the highest altitude at which rubber is produced, and how are the plantations distributed in (cross-) border regions? An approach of the phenology- and Landsat-based re-normalized vegetation index (RNVI), originally developed for Xishuangbanna in southern China, is used in this study to verify the feasibility of mapping mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN using the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data products acquired from January to April, 2013 to 2018. Characteristics of the vertical and horizontal distributions of mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN, as well as national differences especially in the (cross-) borders, were examined using the generated map. The results showed that the RNVI method, although tailored to the northern edge of the tropics, is useful for detecting mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN. The latest map of mature rubber plantations indicated that they occupied a total area of 7.69 × 106 ha, accounting for 3.32% of the study area. Spatial analyses showed three typical features of the distribution: new plantations at higher (over 1000 m) and lower (below 200 m) elevations, more cultivation in the borderlands (over a half within 60 km buffers), and their northward movement (as far as 25°N). The results of this study have important implications for phenological methods verification in the tropics, and provide valuable information on mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN.

scholarly journals Extensive Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Vietnam Reflects Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2503-2519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Liu ◽  
Nguyen Thuy Duong ◽  
Nguyen Dang Ton ◽  
Nguyen Van Phong ◽  
Brigitte Pakendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Abstract Vietnam features extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and occupies a key position in Mainland Southeast Asia. Yet, the genetic diversity of Vietnam remains relatively unexplored, especially with genome-wide data, because previous studies have focused mainly on the majority Kinh group. Here, we analyze newly generated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data for the Kinh and 21 additional ethnic groups in Vietnam, encompassing all five major language families in Mainland Southeast Asia. In addition to analyzing the allele and haplotype sharing within the Vietnamese groups, we incorporate published data from both nearby modern populations and ancient samples for comparison. In contrast to previous studies that suggested a largely indigenous origin for Vietnamese genetic diversity, we find that Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups harbor multiple sources of genetic diversity that likely reflect different sources for the ancestry associated with each language family. However, linguistic diversity does not completely match genetic diversity: There have been extensive interactions between the Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai groups; different Austro-Asiatic groups show different affinities with other ethnolinguistic groups; and we identified a likely case of cultural diffusion in which some Austro-Asiatic groups shifted to Austronesian languages during the past 2,500 years. Overall, our results highlight the importance of genome-wide data from dense sampling of ethnolinguistic groups in providing new insights into the genetic diversity and history of an ethnolinguistically diverse region, such as Vietnam.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriageamong Patients and Healthcare Workers in a Hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASSANAIN AL-TALIB ◽  
CHAN YEAN YEAN ◽  
HABSAH HASAN ◽  
NMN NIK ZURAINA ◽  
MANICKAM RAVICHANDRAN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of

Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is a common source of nosocomial infection and colonization. The aim of the present study was to assess the burden of methicillin-resistant S. aureus nasal carriage, its association with factors of interest including its genetic relationships. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage was found to be 28.7%. This study showed that patients with a history of previous antibiotic intake, nasogastric tube, and longer hospitalization had a significantly high risk of being MRSA nasal carriers. The genetic relationship of all 34 nasal MRSA isolates revealed four major clusters of isolates, and there was a relationship between MRSA isolated from inpatients and healthcare workers.

The Malay Language in Mainland Southeast Asia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmah Haji Omar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Asian Mainland ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Today the Malay language is known to have communities of speakers outside the Malay archipelago, such as in Australia inclusive of the Christmas Islands and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean (Asmah, 2008), the Holy Land of Mecca and Medina (Asmah et al. 2015), England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany. The Malay language is also known to have its presence on the Asian mainland, i.e. Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. As Malays in these three countries belong to a minority, in fact among the smallest of the minorities, questions that arise are those that pertain to: (i) their history of settlement in the localities where they are now; (ii) the position of Malay in the context of the language policy of their country; and (iii) maintenance and shift of the ancestral and adopted languages.

The Myngoon plot: Seditious state-making and the 1902 Shan rebellion in northern Siam

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Andrew Walker
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

In August 1902, the Siamese army occupied the northern township of Phrae after a rebellion by Shan timber workers, miners and traders. The Siamese general who investigated the rebellion claimed that the Shan attack on Phrae was part of a wider plot to restore Prince Myngoon to the Burmese throne. Myngoon was exiled from Burma in 1868 and had been living in Indochina since 1889. Most observers have regarded the so-called ‘Myngoon plot’ as implausible. This article provides the first detailed history of the plot. It argues that the plot was a product of ‘seditious state-making’ in the borderlands of mainland southeast Asia, a region in geopolitical flux. This exploration of the Myngoon plot uncovers a cosmopolitan web of seditious statecraft that extended from India, through Burma and Indochina and into Siam. The Shan rebellion was one outbreak in a region-wide web of Shan agitation dating from the early 1880s. The rebellion took place at the intersection of the competing colonial agendas of Siam, Britain and France, and various actors in this competition had been planting the seeds of a Myngoon-led rising since the 1880s. Myngoon's story was the product of a time when British, French and Siamese colonial agents were still grappling (and colluding) with dispersed and fragmented royal power.

A review on the spread of prehistoric agriculture from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Xiaoyan Yang ◽  
Fahu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Prehistoric Agriculture ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

&lt;p&gt;The origins and spread of agriculture was one of the milestones in human history. When and how prehistoric agriculture spread to mainland Southeast Asia is highly concerned, which contributed to the formation of modern Austroasiatic in this region. Previous studies mainly focused on the time and route of rice agriculture&amp;#8217;s introduction into Southeast Asia while millet agriculture was not paid properly attention. Here we analyze 312 &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C dating data yielded from charred seeds of rice (&lt;em&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/em&gt;), foxtail millet (&lt;em&gt;Setaria italica&lt;/em&gt;) and broomcorn millet (&lt;em&gt;Panicum miliaceum&lt;/em&gt;) from 128 archaeological sites in China and mainland Southeast Asia. The result shows that millet farming was introduced to mainland Southeast Asia in the late third millennium BC and rice farming was in the late second millennium BC. The agriculture of mainland Southeast Asia might originate from three areas, Southwest China, Guangxi-West Guangdong and coastal Fujian. The spread route of ancient agriculture in Southwest China is close to the &amp;#8220;Southwest Silk Road&amp;#8221; recorded in literature, which infers there was possibly a channel of cultural exchanges on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau already in the late Neolithic period, laying the foundation of the Southwest Silk Road later.&lt;/p&gt;

Rediscovery of Tupistra stoliczkana (Asparagaceae) in northeastern India and the identity of T. ashihoi

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 443 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
DIPANKAR BORAH ◽  
NORIYUKI TANAKA ◽  
LEONID V. AVERYANOV ◽  
MOMANG TARAM ◽  
DILIP KUMAR ROY
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Northeastern India ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Centre Of Diversity ◽  
Flowering Stem ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia, particularly southern China and eastern Indochina, is known as an important centre of diversity for Asparagaceae (Averynov & Tanaka 2012). Tupistra Ker Gawler (1814: 1655) belonging to the subfamily Nolinoideae (Chase et al. 2009) comprises a little more than 30 species (Averyanov et al. 2019). They spread across southern and south-eastern Asia, including Nepal, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia (Tanaka 2010a). The genus is characterized usually by the leaves tapering into petiole, a relatively large stigma broader than the style, except for the very uncommon species T. siphonantha Tanaka, Vislobokov & Hannon (2018: 32), a stout terete style almost as thick as the ovary and tuberculate (rarely smooth), globular berry-like fruits (Tanaka 2010a). Eight species of Tupistra have been reported for India: T. ashihoi Roy, Odyuo & Averyanov (2017:52), T. clarkei Hooker (1892: 325), T. khasiana Roy, Mao & Averyanov (2017: 257), T. nagarum Odyuo, Roy & Mao (2018:2), T. nutans Wall. ex Lindley (1839: 1223), T. stoliczkana Kurz (1876: 199), T. tupistroides (Kunth 1848: 12) Dandy (1932: 329), and T. leonidii Roy & Mao (2018: 37). Among them, T. ashihoi and T. stoliczkana have an upright flowering stem, whereas the others have a flowering stem curved downwards.

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