Sympathomimetic Amines

The autonomic nervous system may play an important role in tissue autoregulation as the neurohumoral transmission process has been shown to constitute the final common pathway by which the effects of many physiological and pharmacological substances are mediated. The effects of the administration of a sympathomimetic amine cannot be accurately predicted in a subject. Choice of which sympathomimetic amine to use should be determined on the basis of data obtained in relevant clinical circumstances, but the dose should always be titrated against the effect in each individual. It is interesting that adrenaline, “the original autonomic drug” with its “venerable history”,56 is still a first line drug in many of the situations for which it was being prescribed in 1907. It is the drug of first choice in anaphylactic reactions and for severe allergic bronchospasm, and is widely used as a vasoconstrictor in surgery and with local anaesthetic agents. Adrenaline in “physiological” doses is a satisfactory and cheap alternative to other available drugs for use in septic shock and in emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass.

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The question of clarithromycin: a first-line drug for sinusitis?

Archives of Family Medicine ◽

10.1001/archfami.3.7.574b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

pp. 574b-574

Author(s):

R. W. Tahara

Keyword(s):

First Line ◽

Line Drug

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Comparative effectiveness of first-line drug therapies of budesonide inhalation suspension and montelukast among children with mild asthma in Korea

10.26226/morressier.5afac509d0241f0023cca6df ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jina Shin

Keyword(s):

Comparative Effectiveness ◽

Mild Asthma ◽

First Line ◽

Line Drug

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New InhA Inhibitors Based on Expanded Triclosan and Di-Triclosan Analogues to Develop a New Treatment for Tuberculosis

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14040361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 361

Author(s):

Sarentha Chetty ◽

Tom Armstrong ◽

Shalu Sharma Kharkwal ◽

William C. Drewe ◽

Cristina I. De Matteis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Protein Crystal ◽

First Line ◽

Isoniazid Resistance ◽

Structure Based Drug Design ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

New Treatment ◽

Flexible Ligands ◽

Line Drug

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) has reinforced the need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. The first line drug isoniazid inhibits InhA. This is a prodrug requiring activation by the enzyme KatG. Mutations in KatG have largely contributed to clinical isoniazid resistance. We aimed to design new ‘direct’ InhA inhibitors that obviate the need for activation by KatG, circumventing pre-existing resistance. In silico molecular modelling was used as part of a rational structure-based drug-design approach involving inspection of protein crystal structures of InhA:inhibitor complexes, including the broad spectrum antibiotic triclosan (TCS). One crystal structure exhibited the unusual presence of two triclosan molecules within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA binding site. This became the basis of a strategy for the synthesis of novel inhibitors. A series of new, flexible ligands were designed and synthesised, expanding on the triclosan structure. Low Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were obtained for benzylphenyl compounds (12, 43 and 44) and di-triclosan derivative (39), against Mycobacterium bovis BCG although these may also be inhibiting other enzymes. The ether linked di-triclosan derivative (38) displayed excellent in vitro isolated enzyme inhibition results comparable with triclosan, but at a higher MIC (125 µg mL−1). These compounds offer good opportunities as leads for further optimisation.

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The Clinical Significance of Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment: Is First-Line Drug Choice Important?

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention ◽

10.2165/0151642-200815030-00004 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 117-119

Author(s):

Guido Grassi

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Blood Pressure Lowering ◽

First Line ◽

Drug Choice ◽

Pressure Lowering ◽

Line Drug

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Sedação Paliativa, Perspetiva de Um Clínico

Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy ◽

10.5840/philosophica2018265228 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (52) ◽

pp. 127-138

Author(s):

Madalena Feio ◽

Keyword(s):

Double Effect ◽

Palliative Sedation ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

First Line ◽

Scientific Societies ◽

Refractory Symptoms ◽

Medical Associations ◽

Line Drug

Palliative sedation does not have a universally accepted definition. It is used as a measure of last resort for the control of refractory symptoms in the last days of life. The ethical principles invoked in its use are those of double effect and proportionality. Its prevalence varies according to the place of care, type of study and country. The most frequent indications for its use are the control of dyspnea, delirium and pain. The recommended first line drug is midazolam. The studies performed do not diminish the survival of the patient. It is important that family support is maintained throughout the process. Several scientific societies and medical associations have defined guidelines that regulate their implementation.

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Methotrexate Toxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Management

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i49b33357 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 204-217

Author(s):

Riyadh S. Almalki ◽

Hala Eweis ◽

Fatemah Kamal ◽

Dina Kutbi

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Chemotherapy ◽

Pulmonary Toxicity ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Hematological Toxicity ◽

Comprehensive Understanding ◽

First Line ◽

Cutaneous Toxicity ◽

Gi Toxicity ◽

Line Drug

Methotrexate (MTX) is the most widely used drug in cancer chemotherapy and is considered to be the first-line drug for the treatment of a number of rheumatic and non-rheumatic disorders. The pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity of MTX are two of its major side effects. Other toxicities such as endocrinological toxicity, GI toxicity, cutaneous toxicity, hematological toxicity, fatal malfunction or loss, and malignancy can also occur, but at a significantly lower rate of prevalence. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of methotrexate toxic effects and Lastly, we discussed the management of this toxicity.

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SUBFERTILE PATIENTS; EFFICACY OF LETROZOLE AS A FIRST LINE DRUG IN IN TERM OF PREGNANCY RATE

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.17957/tpmj/16.3052 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (02) ◽

pp. 152-155

Author(s):

Dr. Shazia Abbass ◽

Dr. Ejaz Ahmed ◽

Dr. Iram Shabbir

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rate ◽

First Line ◽

Line Drug

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Gabapentin Is a First Line Drug for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury

Spine ◽

10.1097/01.brs.0000112068.16108.3a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 743-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

Funda Levendoğlu ◽

Cemile Ö. Öğün ◽

Önder Özerbil ◽

Tunç C. Öğün ◽

Hatice Uğurlu

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

First Line ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Line Drug

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Intracellular Localization of the ABCC Proteins of Leishmania and Their Role in Resistance to Antimonials

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01474-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 2646-2649 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Philippe Leprohon ◽

Danielle Légaré ◽

Marc Ouellette

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Localization ◽

First Line ◽

Line Drug

ABSTRACT The ABCC subfamily of proteins is composed of nine members in Leishmania. We report that all of these proteins have an intracellular localization and that the overexpression of at least four members, ABCC3, ABCC4, ABCC5, and ABCC7, can confer resistance to antimonials, the first-line drug against Leishmania.

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