Exploring the Spatial Dependence and Selection Bias of Double Parking Citations Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (42) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingqin Gao ◽  
Kun Xie ◽  
Kaan Ozbay
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Traffic Enforcement ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Parking Ticket

Parking violation citations, often used to identify factors contributing to parking violation behavior, offer one of the most valuable datasets for traffic operation research. However, little has been done to examine their spatial dependence caused by location-specific differences in features such as traffic, land use, etc., and potential selection biases resulting from different effects of traffic enforcement. This study leveraged extensive data on double parking citations in Manhattan, New York City, in 2015, along with other relevant datasets including land use, transportation, and sociodemographic features. Moran’s I statistics confirmed that double parking tickets were spatially correlated so that spatial lag and spatial error models were proposed to account for the spatial dependence of parking tickets to avoid biased estimates. To investigate whether selection bias exists in issuing tickets, we estimated the effects of parking ticket density and police precinct distance, when controlling for variables such as commercial area, truck activity, taxi demand, population, hotels, and restaurants. Parking ticket density and police precinct distance were used as indicators of the enforcement levels and coverage and were found to be statistically significant. This indicated the existence of selection bias due to heterogeneity in enforcement levels or coverage across different regions. Moreover, patrol patterns of traffic enforcement officers revealed that the majority had less than three daily patterns. These findings can assist with proper usage of the citation data by recommending that researchers and agencies consider spatial dependence as well as selection bias, and provide insights for parking violation management strategies.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Use on Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 9987
Author(s):  
Youpeng Lu ◽  
Wenze Yue ◽  
Yaping Huang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Error Model ◽  
Spatial Error Model ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Use Factors ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we aim to understand the impact of land use on the urban heat island (UHI) effect across an urban area. Considering the case study of Wuhan, China, land use factors and land surface temperatures (LSTs) of 589 planning management units were quantified in order to identify the spatial autocorrelation of LST, which indicated that a traditional regression would be invalid. By investigating the relationships between land use factors and the LST in summer, based on spatial regression models including the spatial lag model and the spatial error model, four conclusions were derived. First, the spatial error model effectively explains the relationships between LST and land use factors. Second, the impact on LST of the percentage of industrial areas is significant even though the impacts of land cover and building-group morphology indicators are combined, indicating that anthropogenic heat emission of industrial production contributes to high LSTs. Third, the relationship between the percentage of commercial area and LST is significant in the Pearson correlation analysis and traditional regression models, while not significant in spatial error model, suggesting that the urban heat environment of a commercial area is determined by the land use factors of the surrounding area. Fourth, the UHI effect in industrial and commercial areas could be precisely mitigated by not locating industrial areas beside residential areas, and setting up buffer zones between commercial areas and surrounding traditional residential areas. Overall, the results of this study innovatively deepen the understanding of the impact of the percentage of different urban land use types on the urban heat environment at the scale of planning management units, which is conducive to formulating precise regulation measures for mitigating UHI effects and improving public health.

IMPACT OF LAND USE ON URBAN WATER-LOGGING DISASTER: A CASE STUDY OF BEIJING AND NEW YORK CITIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1211-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Zheng ◽  
Xiaolu Li ◽  
Nina Lam ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Lirong Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Logging

scholarly journals Changes in Coastal Agricultural Land Use in Response to Climate Change: An Assessment Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Household Survey Data in Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province, Vietnam

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Duong H. Nong ◽  
An T. Ngo ◽  
Hoa P. T. Nguyen ◽  
Thuy T. Nguyen ◽  
Lan T. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Land Uses

We analyzed the agricultural land-use changes in the coastal areas of Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province, in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, using Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data. We used the object-oriented classification method with the maximum likelihood algorithm to classify six types of land uses. The series of land-use maps we produced had an overall accuracy of more than 80%. We then conducted a spatial analysis of the 5-year land-use change using ArcGIS software. In addition, we surveyed 150 farm households using a structured questionnaire regarding the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity and land uses, as well as farmers’ adaptation and responses. The results showed that from 2005 to 2020, cropland decreased, while aquaculture land and forest land increased. We observed that the most remarkable decreases were in the area of rice (485.58 ha), the area of perennial crops (109.7 ha), and the area of non-agricultural land (747.35 ha). The area of land used for aquaculture and forest increased by 566.88 ha and 772.60 ha, respectively. We found that the manifestations of climate change, such as extreme weather events, saltwater intrusion, drought, and floods, have had a profound impact on agricultural production and land uses in the district, especially for annual crops and aquaculture. The results provide useful information for state authorities to design land-management strategies and solutions that are economic and effective in adapting to climate change.

scholarly journals Rural Roads Are Paving the Way for Land-Use Intensification in the Uplands of Laos

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Castella ◽  
Sonnasack Phaipasith
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
The Impact

Road expansion has played a prominent role in the agrarian transition that marked the integration of swidden-based farming systems into the market economy in Southeast Asia. Rural roads deeply altered the landscape and livelihood structures by allowing the penetration of boom crops such as hybrid maize in remote territories. In this article, we investigate the impact of rural road developments on livelihoods in northern Laos through a longitudinal study conducted over a period of 15 years in a forest frontier. We studied adaptive management strategies of local stakeholders through the combination of individual surveys, focus group discussions, participatory mapping and remote-sensing approaches. The study revealed the short-term benefits of the maize feeder roads on poverty alleviation and rural development, but also the negative long-term effects on agroecosystem health and agricultural productivity related to unsustainable land use. Lessons learnt about the mechanisms of agricultural intensification helped understanding the constraints faced by external interventions promoting sustainable land management practices. When negotiated by local communities for their own interest, roads may provide livelihood-enhancing opportunities through access to external resources, rather than undermining them.

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