Neuromuscular and Biomechanical Adaptations of Patients with Isolated Deficiency of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristián A. Fontboté ◽  
Timothy C. Sell ◽  
Kevin G. Laudner ◽  
Marcus Haemmerle ◽  
Christina R. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Deficient Group

Background Functional adaptations of patients with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency (grade II) are largely unknown despite increased recognition of this injury. Hypothesis Posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects (grade II, 6- to 10-mm bilateral difference in posterior translation) will present with neuromuscular and biomechanical adaptations to overcome significant mechanical instability during gait and drop-landing tasks. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Bilateral comparisons were made among 10 posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects using radiographic, instrumented laxity, and range of motion examinations. Biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics of the involved limb of the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects were compared to their uninvolved limb and to 10 matched control subjects performing gait and drop-landing tasks. Results Radiographic (15.3 ± 2.9 to 5.6 ± 3.7 mm; P =. 008) and instrumented laxity (6.3 ± 2.0 to 1.4 ± 0.5 mm; P <. 001) examinations demonstrated significantly greater posterior displacement of the involved knee within the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group. The posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group had a significantly decreased maximum knee valgus moment and greater vertical ground reaction force at midstance during gait compared to the control group. During vertical landings, the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group demonstrated a significantly decreased vertical ground reaction force loading rate. All other analyses reported no significant differences within or between groups. Conclusion Posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects demonstrate minimal biomechanical and neuromuscular differences despite significant clinical laxity. Clinical Relevance The findings of this study indicate that individuals with grade II posterior cruciate ligament injuries are able to perform gait and drop-landing activities similar to a control group without surgical intervention.

scholarly journals Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force during Two-Leg Landing: A Systematic Review and Mathematical Modeling

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxin Niu ◽  
Tienan Feng ◽  
Chenghua Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Surface Stiffness ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Vertical Ground

Objectives. (1) To systematically review peak vertical ground reaction force (PvGRF) during two-leg drop landing from specific drop height (DH), (2) to construct a mathematical model describing correlations between PvGRF and DH, and (3) to analyze the effects of some factors on the pooled PvGRF regardless of DH.Methods. A computerized bibliographical search was conducted to extract PvGRF data on a single foot when participants landed with both feet from various DHs. An innovative mathematical model was constructed to analyze effects of gender, landing type, shoes, ankle stabilizers, surface stiffness and sample frequency on PvGRF based on the pooled data.Results. Pooled PvGRF and DH data of 26 articles showed that the square root function fits their relationship well. An experimental validation was also done on the regression equation for the medicum frequency. The PvGRF was not significantly affected by surface stiffness, but was significantly higher in men than women, the platform than suspended landing, the barefoot than shod condition, and ankle stabilizer than control condition, and higher than lower frequencies.Conclusions. The PvGRF and root DH showed a linear relationship. The mathematical modeling method with systematic review is helpful to analyze the influence factors during landing movement without considering DH.

Change in Drop-Landing Mechanics Over 2 Years in Young Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2608-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ithurburn ◽  
Mark V. Paterno ◽  
Staci Thomas ◽  
Michael L. Pennell ◽  
Kevin D. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: While between-limb landing asymmetries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are linked with poor function and risk of additional injury, it is not currently understood how landing symmetry changes over time after ACLR. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate how double-legged drop vertical jump (DVJ) landing and single-legged drop-landing symmetry changed from the time of return-to-sport (RTS) clearance to 2 years later in a prospective cohort of young athletes after ACLR. It was hypothesized that double-legged DVJ landing and single-legged drop-landing symmetry would improve from the time of RTS to 2 years later. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The authors followed 64 young athletes with primary, unilateral ACLR for 2 years after RTS clearance. At the time of RTS and 2 years later, between-limb symmetry values for biomechanical variables of interest (VOIs) were calculated with 3-dimensional motion analysis during double-legged DVJ and single-legged drop-landing tasks. VOIs included knee flexion excursion, peak internal knee extension moment, peak vertical ground-reaction force, and peak trunk flexion (for single-legged task only). Symmetry values and proportions of participants meeting 90% symmetry cutoffs were compared between time points. Results: For double-legged DVJ landing, symmetry values for all VOIs and the proportions meeting 90% cutoffs for peak internal knee extension moment and peak vertical ground-reaction force were higher at 2 years after RTS as compared with RTS. For single-legged drop-landing, symmetry values were higher for knee flexion excursion and lower for peak trunk flexion at 2 years after RTS as compared with RTS, but the proportions meeting 90% cutoffs for all VOIs did not differ between time points. Conclusion: Double-legged DVJ landing symmetry improved across VOIs over the 2 years after RTS following ACLR, while single-legged drop-landing did not improve as consistently. The implications of longitudinal landing asymmetry after ACLR should be further studied.

A Subject Specific Kinematic and Kinetic Relationship During a Single-Leg Drop Landing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Yin Tse ◽  
Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi ◽  
Ashkan Vaziri ◽  
Paul K. Canavan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Valgus Angle ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Vertical Ground

A single-leg landing is a common type of high-risk maneuver performed by athletes. The majority of anterior cruciate ligament injury is accounted for by non-contact mechanisms, such as single-leg landings. The purpose of this study was to develop a subject specific single-leg drop landing to analyze the kinematics and kinetics of two different types of landings. Kinematic data was analyzed at five points during the landing phase: initial contact (IC), peak vertical ground reaction force (pVGRF), peak joint reaction force (pJRF), maximum knee flexion (MKF), and maximum valgus angle (MFP). A linear relationship was noted in comparing the average maximum peak vertical ground reaction force, average maximum knee flexion, and average maximum valgus angle to the platform heights in both landing styles. An increase in platform height was directly related to increased knee valgus angle in both landing styles. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted in the peak vertical ground reaction force between the 60% and 80% platform heights, as well as between 60% and 100% with arms above. Landing with arms across the body yielded more significant difference (p < 0.05) between platform heights in both frontal and sagittal planes. However, comparing both landing styles to each other only yielded significant difference (p < 0.05) at the 100% platform height. A valgus-varus-valgus movement was observed in all landings, and is a probable contributor to single-leg landing ACL ruptures.

Effects of Toe Direction on Biomechanics of Trunk, Pelvis, and Lower-Extremity During Single-Leg Drop Landing

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074
Author(s):  
Aiko Sakurai ◽  
Kengo Harato ◽  
Yutaro Morishige ◽  
Shu Kobayashi ◽  
Yasuo Niki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Abduction Angle ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Ligament ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Knee Abduction ◽  
Vertical Ground

Context: Toe direction is an important factor affecting knee biomechanics during various movements. However, it is still unknown whether toe direction will affect trunk and pelvic movements. Objective: To examine and clarify the effects of toe directions on biomechanics of trunk and pelvis as well as lower-extremities during single-leg drop landing (SLDL). Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: A total of 27 male recreational-level athletes. Intervention(s): Subjects performed SLDL under 3 different toe directions, including 0° (toe neutral), 20° (toe-in [TI]), and −20° (toe-out). SLDL was captured using a motion analysis system. Nondominant leg (27 left) was chosen for the analysis. Main Outcome Measures: Peak values of kinematic and kinetic parameters during landing phase were assessed. In addition, those parameters at the timing of peak vertical ground reaction force were also assessed. The data were statistically compared among 3 different toe directions using 1-way repeated measures of analysis of variance or Friedman χ2 r test. Results: Peak knee abduction angle and moment in TI were significantly larger than in toe neutral and toe-out (P < .001). Moreover, peak greater anterior inclination, greater inclination, and rotation of trunk and pelvis toward the nonlanding side were seen in TI (P < .001). At the timing of peak vertical ground reaction force, trunk inclined to the landing side with larger knee abduction angle in TI (P < .001). Conclusions: Several previous studies suggested that larger knee abduction angle and moment on landing side as well as trunk and pelvic inclinations during landing tasks were correlated with knee ligament injury. However, it is still unknown concerning the relationship between toe direction and trunk/pelvis movements during landing tasks. From the present study, TI during SLDL would strongly affect biomechanics of trunk and pelvis as well as knee joint, compared with toe neutral and toe-out.

scholarly journals Thigh Muscle Activity, Knee Motion, and Impact Force During Side-Step Pivoting in Agility-Trained Female Basketball Players

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle R. Wilderman ◽  
Scott E. Ross ◽  
Darin A. Padua
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Vertical Ground

Abstract Context: Improving neuromuscular control of hamstrings muscles might have implications for decreasing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females. Objective: To examine the effects of a 6-week agility training program on quadriceps and hamstrings muscle activation, knee flexion angles, and peak vertical ground reaction force. Design: Prospective, randomized clinical research trial. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty female intramural basketball players with no history of knee injury (age  =  21.07 ± 2.82 years, height  =  171.27 ± 4.66 cm, mass  =  66.36 ± 7.41 kg). Intervention(s): Participants were assigned to an agility training group or a control group that did not participate in agility training. Participants in the agility training group trained 4 times per week for 6 weeks. Main Outcome Measure(s): We used surface electromyography to assess muscle activation for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings for 50 milliseconds before initial ground contact and while the foot was in contact with the ground during a side-step pivot maneuver. Knee flexion angles (at initial ground contact, maximum knee flexion, knee flexion displacement) and peak vertical ground reaction force also were assessed during this maneuver. Results: Participants in the training group increased medial hamstrings activation during ground contact after the 6-week agility training program. Both groups decreased their vastus medialis oblique muscle activation during ground contact. Knee flexion angles and peak vertical ground reaction force did not change for either group. Conclusions: Agility training improved medial hamstrings activity in female intramural basketball players during a side-step pivot maneuver. Agility training that improves hamstrings activity might have implications for reducing anterior cruciate ligament sprain injury associated with side-step pivots.

GAIT PATTERNS AFTER POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY: A COMPARISON OF SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 1450070 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEI-FANG LIU ◽  
PEI-HIS CHOU ◽  
FONG-CHIN SU
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Power Absorption ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Lower Power ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Deficient Group

This study examined chronic, isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) rupture patients, dividing them into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups according to whether they displayed obvious symptoms in daily activities. Each group comprised 10 patients while 10 healthy, young individuals were adopted as the control group. Using a three-dimensional motion analysis system and force plates, the gait patterns of the PCL-deficient patients were analyzed from both kinematics and kinetics perspectives to identify whether they differed from the control group and to compare symmetry between the injured and uninjured sides. The results showed that the symptomatic PCL-deficient group was closer to "normal", and the asymptomatic PCL-deficient group showed less knee extension moment and lower power absorption in the terminal stance than the control group. Additionally, the symptomatic PCL-deficient group appeared to have a relatively symmetric gait while the asymptomatic PCL-deficient group primarily showed an asymmetric gait also occurring in the terminal stance, including less joint moment and lower power absorption of the hip and knee, and lower vertical ground reaction force (GRF). Regarding the gait adaptations of the asymptomatic PCL-deficient group these compensation mechanisms are most likely to have been produced in order to assist in joint stabilization and reduce symptoms in joints.

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