Family Investments in Education during Periods of Economic Uncertainty: Evidence from the Great Recession

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lunn ◽  
Sabino Kornrich
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
High Income ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Educational Investments ◽  
State Unemployment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Income Families

At the beginning of the Great Recession, household spending on education across the income distribution was highly unequal. We examined how different income groups altered their spending on education for children under 18 during this economic crisis. As national and local economic conditions deteriorated during the recession, the difference in odds that a high-income household spent on education relative to a low-income family increased by 20 percent, and the difference in the amounts that high-income families spent on education relative to low-income families also increased by 20 percent. As state unemployment rates climbed and consumer confidence fell, high-income families’ educational spending increased relative to low-income families’ spending. Decreases in local housing prices were also associated with lower spending for low-income families. Given the importance of educational enrichment for children’s learning outcomes, increasing inequality in families’ educational investments during the Great Recession may contribute to future educational and social inequality.

scholarly journals Assets among low-income families in the Great Recession

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0192370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Duque ◽  
Natasha V. Pilkauskas ◽  
Irwin Garfinkel
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Low Income Families

Evaluation of a Promotional Strategy to Increase Bicycle Helmet Use by Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-777
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Parkin ◽  
Laura J. Spence ◽  
Xiaohan Hu ◽  
Katherine E. Kranz ◽  
Linda G. Shortt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Control Area ◽  
High Income ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Promotional Strategy ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Low Income Families

Bicycle-related head injuries are an important cause of death and disability, despite the availability of helmets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based bicycle helmet promotion program in increasing helmet use by children while controlling for secular trends. Two high-income and two low-income schools in an urban Canadian community were selected to receive a bicycle helmet promotion intervention, with the remaining 18 schools serving as controls. Approximately 1800 observations of bicycling children were made at randomly selected observational sites 2 to 5 months after the intervention to assess changes in behavior. Helmet use at all observation sites tripled from 3.4% (1990, preintervention) to 16% (1991, postintervention). In the high-income intervention area, observed helmet use rose dramatically from 4% to 36% in contrast to the more modest increase in the high-income control area from 4% to 15%. In the low-income intervention area, there was a modest increase from 1% to 7%, but it did not differ from the increase in the low-income control area from 3% to 13%. The program was highly successful in children of high-income families but not in children of low-income families. Developing strategies for low-income families remains a priority.

scholarly journals Time Trends and Socio-demographic Differences in Chinese Children's Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption (P18-111-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wu ◽  
Yuheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Low Income Families

Abstract Objectives To examine the time trends in Chinese children's sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and how sugar-sweetened beverage consumption varied by socio-demographic variables. Methods A total of 3316 Children aged 6 to 17 were investigated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011. Their sugar-sweetened beverage intake and socio-demographic information were self-reported. Descriptive analysis and chi-squared tests were conducted using SPSS 20.0. Results The percentage of children having consumed sugar-sweetened beverage in the past year increased from 72.0% in 2004 to 90.2% in 2011. More boys consumed sugar-sweetened beverage than girls (81.7% in boys vs. 79.2% in girls, P < 0.05). Living in urban areas (86.2% in urban vs. 78.0% in rural children, P < 0.001), from high-income families (87.6% in high-income vs. 73.4% in children from low-income families, P < 0.001), aged 6–12 years (81.3% in 6–12 vs. 77.9% in the 15–17 age group, P < 0.05). Conclusions Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption has significantly increased among Chinese children. Being boys, living in urban areas, from high-income families, and of younger age are positively associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Funding Sources The present study is funded by a PhD research startup foundation of Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Allocating Housing Growth in the Los Angeles Region (2006–2014)

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Darrel Ramsey-Musolf
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Housing Growth ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Home Values ◽  
The City

California is known for home values that eclipse U.S. housing prices. To increase housing inventory, California has implemented a regional housing needs allocation (RHNA) to transmit shares of housing growth to cities. However, no study has established RHNA’s efficacy. After examining the 4th RHNA cycle (i.e., 2006–2014) for 185 Los Angeles region cities, this study determined that RHNA directed housing growth to the city of Los Angeles and the region’s outlying cities as opposed to increasing density in the central and coastal cities. Second, RHNA directed 62% of housing growth to the region’s unaffordable cities. Third, the sample suffered a 34% shortfall in housing growth due to the Great Recession but garnered an average achievement of approximately 93% due to RHNA’s transmission of minimal housing growth shares. Lastly, RHNA maintained statistically significant associations with increased housing inventory, housing affordability, and housing growth rates, indicating that RHNA may influence housing development.

Racial Disparities in Credit Constraints in the Great Recession: Evidence from the UK

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gathergood
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Credit Constraints ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Household Credit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This paper investigates racial disparities in household credit constraints using UK survey data. We find a widening disparity in the proportion of racial minority households reporting they face credit constraints compared with non-minority households over the period 2006-2009. By 2009 three times as many racial minority households faced credit constraints compared with non-minority households. The difference in credit constraints across racial minority and non-minority households is not explained by a broad set of covariates. While cross-section variation in reported credit constraints might most likely reflect unobservables, we argue this time series variation is very unlikely to arise due to unobservables and is evidence of growing perceived disparity in credit access between racial groups over the period.

scholarly journals Extremely low-income households, housing affordability and the Great Recession

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1615-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C Lens
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Housing Subsidies

The effects of the Great Recession on housing equity and homeownership have been well-documented. However, we know little about how rental households fared and the efficacy of housing subsidies in addressing affordability gaps. This paper examines the extent to which rental housing became less affordable for Extremely Low-Income (ELI) households – those earning less than 30% of the Area Median Income (AMI). I then run regression models to determine the local characteristics most strongly associated with larger affordability gaps, with a focus on whether housing subsidies are effective at combating such gaps. Rental affordability gaps became more pronounced during the Great Recession. In nearly 70% of the counties in my sample, there was an increase from 2007 to 2010 in the number of ELI households per affordable rental unit. Across the country, the increase was 17%, a dramatic increase in only three years. There is considerable variation across the country, with acute affordability crises often concentrated in the South, particularly Florida. Regression models provide compelling evidence that housing vouchers, public housing, and project-based Section 8 subsidies play an important role in limiting the extent to which large numbers of ELI households are competing for a shortage of low-cost rental units. However, these programmes do not respond quickly to local needs – such as those brought about by the Great Recession. A pilot study where local housing authorities had funding to be more agile and responsive would be an important step toward crafting better policy.

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