Effects of Schematic Chunking on Enhancing Geometry Performance in Students With Math Difficulties and Students at Risk of Math Failure

2020 ◽  
pp. 073194872090240
Author(s):  
Dake Zhang ◽  
Amanda Indyk ◽  
Steven Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Students At Risk ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
One Step ◽  
Math Difficulties

Schematic chunks denote patterns, schemes, or sophisticated rules and knowledge stored in the long-term memory in the form of chunks. We investigated whether schematic chunking is effective in improving the performance of students with math difficulties (MD) and students at risk of math failure, and how the complexity level of geometry problems and students’ content knowledge moderate the effects of a visual chunking accommodation. A 3 (problem difficulty level) × 2 (plain version/chunking version) ×2 (cheat sheet provided/not provided) mixed design was used. Thirty-three students, including 18 with MD and 15 at risk, were randomly assigned to two groups: A “cheat sheet” of related theorems was provided to one group but not the other. Students in both groups received two versions of a geometry test: (a) a test with a plain figure representation, and (b) a parallel test with coloring and marks that highlighted the elements of a schematic chunk. Results found a main effect of chunking for all participants, and the chunking effect was greater for difficult one-step and multi-step problems than for simple one-step problems. Providing a cheat sheet increased the chunking effects for solving only the difficult one-step problems pertaining to low-frequency theorems for students with MD.

Performance of a behavioral model with long-term memory effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-452
Author(s):  
Carlos Crespo-Cadenas ◽  
Javier Reina-Tosina ◽  
María J. Madero-Ayora
Keyword(s):  
Code Division Multiple Access ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Reduced Complexity ◽  
Code Division Multiple

This paper presents a new behavioral model for power amplifiers that accomplishes the capture of nonlinear low-frequency memory effects with reduced complexity and superior precision. It has been extensively evaluated with a commercial amplifier using wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA)-like modulated data with symbol rates in the range of 2 ksym/s to 1 Msym/s, and it is shown that the first dynamic reduction of the proposed model is successfully compared with other highly efficient methods in terms of complexity and generalization capacity.

SEQUENCE GENERATING FUNCTIONS AND THE MULTIFRACTAL FORMALISM: APPLICATIONS TO BIOPOLYMERS

Fractals ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
T. GREGORY DEWEY
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Matrix ◽  
Generating Function ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
One Step

Helix-coil configurations in biopolymers can be represented as a symbolic sequence of helix and coil units. A given configuration can be generated by progressing down the branches of a binary tree. The probability weighting of the branches in the tree will depend on the specific model under consideration. The multifractal nature of this binary tree can be described by an adaptation of a statistical mechanical formalism that uses sequence generating functions. It is seen that the sequence generating function approach is equivalent to transfer matrix methods for processes involving one-step memory. However, this new approach can have advantages over the transfer matrix for processes involving long term memory. Using this approach, the multifractal character of helix-coil transitions in two biopolymer models is explored. The Bragg-Zimm model of the alpha helix is analyzed and is seen to be equivalent in the transfer matrix approach to a 2×2 P model with one-step memory. The perfect matched double helix model is also explored. This model shows long range effects as a result of the entropy of loop formation. Because of this entropic effect, probabilities of continuous coil sequences decay with length slower than exponentially. This gives the model similar features to those observed in intermittent chaotic systems. These effects are readily handled within the sequence generating function formalism. The double helix model shows a phase transition and this is manifested as a discontinuity in the generalized dimension. For such models with long term memory, the sequence generating function approach provides a convenient formalism for exploring multifractal behavior.

Characteristics of students ‘at risk’ of leaving school early

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Gloria Lew ◽  
Esther Care
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Alternative Programs ◽  
Students At Risk ◽  
Early School ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Group Self ◽  
Support Research

Students who leave school early face long-term unemployment and a future possibly dependent on social welfare. This study reports characteristics of students at risk of leaving the education system. On the basis of teacher judgment, a group of students was selected to participate in an alternative Year 10 program at a rural school. Measures of scholastic achievement were administered at the beginning of the academic year, and personality measures at mid-year. Compared with their peers, these students were low academic achievers. They adopted coping styles which were more consultative and externalised than those adopted by the mainstream group. Self-esteem indicators did not discriminate strongly between the groups. Results support research which identifies achievement as a predictor of early school leaving, but lends an optimistic view of the potential of alternative programs to offer students strategies and resources which may optimise their chances of remaining in the school system longer than would otherwise have been predicted.

Long-term catchment memory: The underrated thermodynamic dimension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Lischeid
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Concrete Wall ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Matrix Potential

<p>Long-term memory in hydrological systems is usually ascribed to extensive catchment water storage that builds up in wet periods and empties in dry periods. Besides, additional memory effects can result from plants responding to changing boundary conditions, from swelling or shrinking of clayey soils, etc. However, another fundamental effect is widely ignored. The second law of thermodynamics is often understood as an argument that the effects of external disturbances of natural systems fade off in the long term, resulting in basically stationary systems. However, this falls short of the mark and ignores that the damping of external triggers depends on the frequency of the signal: High frequency signals are much more damped during propagation through the same medium compared to low-frequency signals. This holds for electro-magnetic waves as well as for pressure waves. For example, low-frequency ground-penetrating radar exhibits larger penetration depth compared to higher frequencies, although at the cost of spatial resolution. Music is not only less loud but sounds more muffled on the other side of a concrete wall due to the overproportional loss of higher frequencies. The same holds, e.g., for time series of soil matrix potential or groundwater head that are nothing but irregular pressure waves. Consequently, the high frequency part of the signal of infiltrating rain or snowmelt is much more efficiently attenuated in the vadose zone, resulting in increasingly more smooth time series at greater depth. The low-frequency part of the signal is attenuated as well, but to a lesser degree. Thus, in the long-term only low-frequency signals remain, in some cases exhibiting period lengths of decades and more, which are often mistaken as trends, without any corresponding low-frequency input signal. As much of the catchment hydrology research has been done in small catchments and for shallow groundwater systems, and mostly based on short time series, these effects have been widely and systematically underrated so far. However, at larger spatial and temporal scales they become more evident and need more attention. Often power spectrum analysis is used to assess these effects. Another and even more efficient approach especially for complex systems is provided by principal component analysis of sets of hydrological time series. Some examples will be shown from a lowland region in Northeast Germany with extensive groundwater storage.</p>

Effect of different extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on mice long term memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamdouh M. Shawki ◽  
Abdel-Rahman M. Hereba ◽  
Radwa A. Mehanna
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Extremely Low Frequency

Immediate Passage Comprehension and Encoding of Information Into Long-Term Memory in Children With Normal Hearing: The Effect of Voice Quality and Multitalker Babble Noise

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jonas Brännström ◽  
Heike von Lochow ◽  
Viveka Lyberg Åhlander ◽  
Birgitta Sahlén
Keyword(s):  
Voice Quality ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Optimal Learning ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Babble Noise ◽  
Competing Speech

Purpose This study examines how voice quality and multitalker babble noise affect immediate passage comprehension and the efficiency of information encoding into long-term memory in children with normal hearing. Method Eighteen children (mean age = 9 years) with normal hearing participated. Immediate passage comprehension performance and delayed performance (after 5 to 8 days) were assessed for 4 listening conditions: a typical voice in quiet, a typical voice in noise, a dysphonic voice in quiet, and a dysphonic voice in noise. Results Multitalker babble noise had a significant effect on immediate and delayed performance. This effect was more pronounced for delayed performance. No significant main effect of voice quality was seen on immediate or delayed performance. Conclusions Multitalker babble noise impairs immediate passage comprehension and encoding of information into long-term memory for later recall in children with normal hearing. In learning situations where competing speech signals are present, background noise may reduce the prerequisites for optimal learning.

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