Fire Hazard Assessment in a Big Hall with the Multi-Cell Zone Modelling Concept

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Escape Path ◽  
Cell Zone

The multi-cell concept is further applied for assessing the fire hazard of a big hall using a zone model. A hall of size 60 m by 60 m by 5 m was selected for the study. HAZARD1, a computer-based hazard calculation method combining models of fire growth and egress was used for fire hazard assess ment. This hall was divided into a "nine-room" structure, a "three-room" struc ture, and a "one-room" structure. Room numbers and node numbers for each group were labelled for use by the evacuation module EXITT. The fire environ ment was simulated by the fire zone model CFAST. With the predicted results, the escape paths of the occupants were then simulated. The module TENAB was used to study whether tenability criteria were exceeded. Because the "multi-cell" concept of using a zone model can give detailed information in the fire environment, better identification of the escape path and more accurate prediction on tenability are possible.

scholarly journals The Survival of Pinus ponderosa Saplings Subjected to Increasing Levels of Fire Behavior and Impacts on Post-Fire Growth

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade D. Steady ◽  
Raquel Partelli Feltrin ◽  
Daniel M. Johnson ◽  
Aaron M. Sparks ◽  
Crystal A. Kolden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Growth Metrics

Improved predictions of tree species mortality and growth metrics following fires are important to assess fire impacts on forest succession, and ultimately forest growth and yield. Recent studies have shown that North American conifers exhibit a ‘toxicological dose-response’ relationship between fire behavior and the resultant mortality or recovery of the trees. Prior studies have not been conclusive due to potential pseudo-replication in the experimental design and time-limited observations. We explored whether dose-response relationships are observed in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) saplings exposed to surface fires of increasing fire behavior (as quantified by Fire Radiative Energy—FRE). We confirmed equivalent dose-response relationships to the prior studies that were focused on other conifer species. The post-fire growth in the saplings that survived the fires decreased with increasing FRE dosages, while the percentage mortality in the sapling dosage groups increased with the amount of FRE applied. Furthermore, as with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), a low FRE dosage could be applied that did not yield mortality in any of the replicates (r = 10). These results suggest that land management agencies could use planned burns to reduce fire hazard while still maintaining a crop of young saplings. Incorporation of these results into earth-system models and growth and yield models could help reduce uncertainties associated with the impacts of fire on timber growth, forest resilience, carbon dynamics, and ecosystem economics.

scholarly journals A seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of Slovakia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Hók ◽  
Robert Kysel ◽  
Michal Kováč ◽  
Peter Moczo ◽  
Jozef Kristek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
Source Zone ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Seismotectonic Model ◽  
Seismogenic Structures

Abstract We present a new seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of Slovakia based on a new seismotectonic model of the territory of Slovakia and adjacent areas. The seismotectonic model has been developed using a new Slovak earthquake catalogue (SLOVEC 2011), successive division of the large-scale geological structures into tectonic regions, seismogeological domains and seismogenic structures. The main criteria for definitions of regions, domains and structures are the age of the last tectonic consolidation of geological structures, thickness of lithosphere, thickness of crust, geothermal conditions, current tectonic regime and seismic activity. The seismic source zones are presented on a 1:1,000,000 scale map.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heating and Cooling of a Spontaneous Fire Source in Coal Deposits—Effect of Coal Grain Size

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Marek Więckowski ◽  
Natalia Howaniec ◽  
Adam Smoliński
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Coal Deposit ◽  
Fire Source ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Spontaneous Fire ◽  
The Impact

Fire hazard assessment in coal mines is performed on the basis of concentrations of particular gases emitted from the heating coal deposit, but more precise criteria and indicators are needed to assess fire hazard properly—both during the temperature rise phase and in the coal bed cooling phase. In the paper the impact of coal grinding on hazard assessment of spontaneous fire development in the coal deposit during heating and cooling the fire source was analyzed. The intensity of desorption of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, acetylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen is the resultant of temperature and grinding of coal samples. The results proved that the ratio of concentrations emitted by standard versus coarsely crushed coal for each of the gases, changed both in the growth phase as well as in the temperature drop phase. It was found that as the temperature rose, the effect of coal grinding on the release of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and carbon monoxide decreased. The greatest effect of coal grinding was observed in the case of ethane and propane, while the lowest in the case of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Study on the Flashover Criteria for Compartmental Fires

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Balance Equation ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Heat Balance Equation ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Heat Temperature ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Smoke Layer ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
The Heat Balance

Criteria on the possibility of having flashover in a compartment fire were reviewed. The heat balance equation in the compartment was studied. The zone model CFAST 2.0 was applied to study the fire environment in a small compartment with a door of different area. Important parameters including the average upper and lower layer temperature, the smoke layer interface height, and the mass flow rates for intake air and outgoing smoke were calculated. Those pre dicted results were substituted back to the heat balance equation for determining the possibility of having flashover. The analysis shows that it is possible to deter mine the likelihood for flashover by using a well-validated zone model. From the heat-temperature curves derived, effect of the sprinkler can also be studied.

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