Investigation of the Methods of Self-Heating Climate Prevention

The investigation has shown that the main cause of the global climate change is “anthropogenic thermal pollution,” which is created by the activity of mankind and creates the prerequisites for breaking the heat balance of the planet and transferring the climate into a state of self-heating. By different estimates, in 20-60 years there could be a point of no return for the warming of the climate of Earth when no material resources of mankind are able to stop the global disaster connected with thawing of glaciers, increasing level of the ocean of 80-100 m and the transition of the Earth climate to a condition incompatible with biological life. Urgent transition to fuel-free power and a change of radiation balance of Earth by increasing the albedo of the cities and deserts is necessary. Calculating the area of specular reflectors and the area of deserts necessary for their location, are necessary to prevent global warming, and showed that the required area is 0.95-1.21% of the area of the African desert.

Combustion of wood pellets with a high amount of fines

A comprehensive study of the efficiency of the 1.5 MW Arimax Bio Energy hot water boiler operating on wood pellets with a high amount of fines has been carried out. Fuel characteristics and its compliance with the quality requirements of Russian and European standards have been investigated. The components of the heat balance and emission of harmful substances have been determined. Thermovision study of the boiler was carried out. The comprehensive study showed that the boiler provides sufficiently high technical and economic performance and minimal emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. However, the high amount of fines in the pellets significantly increases the emissions of particulate matter and especially black carbon into the environment.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF ADDING CYCLOHEXANONE TO GASOLINE IN SI ENGINE EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCE

The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of adding some ketone compounds on the performance, emissions, heat balance and exhaust gas temperature of spark ignition engine. The ketone used in this study is cyclohexanone (C6H10O). This ketone has been added to the base fuel (gasoline) with three concentration ranges (3, 6 and 9%) respectively. All experimental tests were carried out on gasoline engine type (Nissan QG18DE), four cylinders, 4-stroke, direct injection, with compression ratio (9.5:1). The acquired results showed that adding of ketones affect the physical properties of gasoline. Where the density changed from (710 kg/m3) for net gasoline to (740.8 kg/m3) for cyclohexanone at adding ratio of (9%). The octane number also increased from (86) for pure gasoline to (97.7) for fuel with 9% cyclohexanone. The calorific value will be decrease from (43000 kJ/kg) for gasoline to (42077.5) for cyclohexanone at adding ratio of (9%). The addition of ketones improves the emissions characteristic of engine. The best reduction of (UHC, CO_2, CO and NOx) was (49.04, 22.43, 35.02 and 42.14%) recorded by cyclohexanone addition at ratio of (9%). In the case of performance, all parameters of performance improved by adding ketones. The brake specific fuel consumption reduced by (8.9%) by adding (9%) of cyclohexanone which recorded as the best reduction through all types. The best increment of brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and volumetric efficiency was (17.3, 8.98, 17.25 and 12.7%) is achieved by adding (9%) of cyclohexanone. Also, the exhaust gas temperature will be increase by adding ketones. The percentage increasing of exhaust gas temperature was (28.31%) recorded by cyclohexanone addition at ratio of (9%). In the case of heat balance, the best increment of total heat internal energy was (6.59) at (9%) of cyclohexanone.

Sub-soil temperature variation and estimation of soil heat flux at Pune

Utilising experimental data from 23 November to 8.December 1989. temperature and heat storage variations at Pune have been studied, based on 3 hourly observations.. pattern of penetration of .thermal wave within the soil has been examined and time of occurrence of maximum/minimum temperatures discussed for various depths. Temperature ranges in different layers have been theoretically computed and compared with those based on actual observations. Heat balance at various depths has also been presented and discussed.

Konservasi Energi Panas Sisa Proses Geothermal Power Plant

Kemajuan pesat teknologi berbanding lurus dengan kebutuhan akan energi listrik namun tidak sejalan dengan ketersedian sumberdaya penghasil energi listrik tersebut, untuk itu diperlukan konservasi energi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan optimalisasi dari sebuah pembangkit listrik sehingga dapat menunjang peningkatan kebutuhan akan energi listrik. jurnal ini memberikan analisa kelayakan pemanfaatan energi panas sisa proses dari pembangkit listrik geothermal yang menjadi pembangkit utama, Dengan menggunakan System Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) dengan fluida kerja Iso-Butene, dengan cara menghitung heat balance dari siklus ORC, hingga didapatkan nilai enthalpi dan entropy dari system tersebut sehingga dapat dihitung energi yang dapat dihasilkan oleh turbin ekspansi yang menggerakan Generator, dengan hasil akhir ini tambahan energi yang dihasilkan oleh system ORC

Evaluation of water resources changes of the Mountain Dniester in 20th century following the RCP8.5 scenario and based on the “climate-runoff” model

The relevance of the research consists in the need for evaluating the water resources changes of the Dniester due to global warming. The mountain part of the Dniester Basin is a zone of the river's runoff formation that determines its water content. The subject of research includes a process of climate changes and their impact on the water resources of the Mountain Dniester’s catchments. The research focuses on determining the water resources changes under current and possible future climatic conditions represented by climatic scenarios. The research aims at evaluating the water resources changes of the mountain part of the Dniester’s catchment area at the present and in the future by the mid-21 st century (2021-2050) based on the “climate-runoff” model using meteorological observations data (up to 2018 inclusive) and scenario data (averaged data based on 14 mathematical models of the CORDEX project, RCP8.5 scenario). During the research the resources of humidification, heat (heat equivalent) and water content for modern (1989-2018) and scenario (RCP8.5, 2021-2050) climatic conditions based on application of the "climate-runoff" model were evaluated. The theoretical basis for estimating the natural (undisturbed by water management) annual runoff in this model is represented by the water-heat balance equation. The meteorological characteristics (average monthly air temperatures and precipitation) serve as input data. The runoff calculated using the water-heat balance equation is called a climatic runoff. One of the peculiarities of the research consists in the use of the vertical zoning law with respect to distribution of runoff and climatic factors of its formation. During the comparative analysis the dependence of annual runoff norms on height of the Mountain Dniester’s terrain specified in modern regulatory documents served as a basic dependence. Such dependence reflects an altitude-dependant distribution of runoff for the climatic conditions that preceded the significant impact of global warming on air temperature (until 1989). The analysis of the dependences of average long-term values of the annual runoff depending on the terrain altitude showed that the runoff changes for two studied periods (before and after 1989) are within ±12,3%. The analysis of the graphs of chronological course of annual water flow of the mountain tributaries of the Dniester made it possible to confirm the absence of statistically significant trends in their fluctuations. According to the RCP8.5 climate scenario over the period of 2021-2050 and following the results of calculations based on the “climate-runoff” model, the dependences of the average long-term altitude-related values of climatic factors and climatic runoff were retrieved. It was found that the effects of global warming decrease with increasing altitude. In the foothills (up to 200 m) the annual precipitation decreases (up to 11%), the maximum possible evaporation increases (up to 17%) and water resources decrease (up to 46%). Heat resources cease to increase and water resources cease to reduce at the altitudes over 800 m. The average deviation of the scenario and baseline values for precipitation over the estimated period will amount to 2.41% for precipitation, 5.79% for maximum possible evaporation and 8.87% for water resources. Thus, reduction of water resources in the mountainous part of the Dniester by the mid-21 st century will be insignificant. When evaluating the current state of water resources of the Mountain Dniester no significant changes were discovered, thereby not contradicting the other authors’ data.