Diverse Activity Rhythms in Sharks (Elasmobranchii)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Kelly ◽  
Errol R. P. Murray ◽  
Caroline C. Kerr ◽  
Craig A. Radford ◽  
Shaun P. Collin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Activity Rhythms ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Circadian Organization ◽  
Galeorhinus Galeus ◽  
Port Jackson ◽  
Constant Dark

Sharks are an interesting group of vertebrates, as many species swim continuously to “ram” oxygen-rich seawater over their gills (ram ventilators), whereas other species “pump” seawater over their gills by manipulating buccal cavity volume while remaining motionless (buccal pumpers). This difference in respiratory physiology raises the question: What are the implications of these differences in lifestyle for circadian rhythms? We investigated the diel activity patterns of 5 species of sharks, including 3 ram ventilating species: the school shark ( Galeorhinus galeus), the spotted estuary smooth-hound ( Mustelus lenticulatus), and the spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias); and 2 buccal pumping species: the Port Jackson ( Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and draughtsboard ( Cephaloscyllium isabellum) sharks. We measured the amount, duration, and distance traveled while swimming over multiple days under a 12:12 light:dark light regime for all species and used modified light regimes for species with a clear diel rhythm in activity. We identified a surprising diversity of activity rhythms. The school shark and smooth-hound swam continuously; however, whereas the school shark swam at the same speed and covered the same distance during the day and night, the smooth-hound swam slower at night and traversed a shorter distance. A similar pattern was observed in the spiny dogfish, although this shark swam less overall. Both the Port Jackson and draughtsboard sharks showed a marked nocturnal preference for swimming. This pattern was muted and disrupted during constant light and constant dark regimes, although circadian organization of this pattern was maintained under certain conditions. The consequences of these patterns for other biological processes, such as sleep, remain unclear. Nonetheless, these 5 species demonstrate remarkable diversity within the activity rhythms of sharks.

scholarly journals Acoustic accelerometry reveals diel activity patterns in premigratory Port Jackson sharks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 8933-8944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Kadar ◽  
Monique Ladds ◽  
Johann Mourier ◽  
Joanna Day ◽  
Culum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns ◽  
Port Jackson

The Effect of Light Regimes on the Circadian Rhythm of Flight Activity in the Mosquito Aedes Taeniorhynchus

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-756
Author(s):  
J. K. NAYAR ◽  
D. M. SAUERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythms ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pipiens Pallens

1. The flight activity patterns of groups and individuals of sugar-fed A. taeniorhynchus females have been studied under different light regimes, by recording of flight sound as an indicator of flight activity. 2. In an LD 12:12 regime, flight activity occurs both at light-off and light-on, forming a bimodal ‘alternans’ pattern. This basic pattern of flight activity persists with a periodicity of 23.5 h under continuous DD, but under continuous LL is masked over by irregular excessive outbursts of activity. 3. The flight activity rhythm originates for the first time in the adult stage, and it is not carried over from rhythms of developmental stages. 4. Flight activity rhythms can be entrained to a new light regime within 24-36 h which is rather fast. An early light-off does not reset the phase of the rhythm, but a delayed light-off does. 5. The flight activity rhythm can be entrained to 24 h light regimes other than LD 12:12. But a single stimulus of less than 12 h is not effective in initiating the bimodal circadian rhythm. 6. Frequency demultiplication within certain limits can entrain the flight activity rhythm to 24 h. 7. This flight activity rhythm of A. taeniorhynchus is compared with the activity rhythms of Aopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens pallens. 8. It is concluded that the basic bimodal alternans pattern of flight activity is a persistent property of the circadian oscillating system, which suggests that other activity rhythms involving flight are dependent on the same rhythm.

scholarly journals Into a rhythm: diel activity patterns and behaviour in Mediterranean slipper lobsters, Scyllarides latus

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. i147-i154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. Goldstein ◽  
Elizabeth A. Dubofsky ◽  
Ehud Spanier
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Endogenous Rhythms ◽  
Diel Activity Pattern ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Constant Dark

Abstract Although the natural history for Mediterranean slipper lobsters (Scyllarides latus) is well established, there exists a disproportionate lack of important biological and physiological data to verify many key traits, including to what extent endogenous rhythms modulate aspects of their behaviour. Although Scyllarids appear nocturnally active, few studies exist that quantify this tendency. Our overall objective was to test the hypothesis that adult slipper lobsters are nocturnal and to determine if their diel activity rhythms are under the influence of an endogenous circadian clock. In the laboratory, we exposed a total of 16 animals (CLavg = 92.6 ± 6.6 mm; CL, carapace length) to a 12 : 12 light : dark (LD) cycle for 7–10 d, followed by ***constant dark (DD) for 15–20 d. Activity was assessed using a combination of time-lapse video and accelerometers. Of a total of 16 lobsters, we analysed data from 15 (one mortality). All 15 lobsters were evaluated using video. Thirteen of these lobsters were also evaluated using accelerometers. All lobsters were more active during night-time than during daytime and synchronized their activity to the LD cycle, expressing a diel activity pattern (τ = 24.04 ± 0.13 h). In DD, lobsters maintained a circadian rhythm with a τ of 23.87 ± 0.07 h. These findings may provide insight into the behaviour of these animals in their natural habitat and help explain their ability to anticipate dawn and dusk.

Activity patterns of wild Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the northern piedmont of the Altun Mountains, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadong Xue ◽  
Diqiang Li ◽  
Wenfa Xiao ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Yuguang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Camelus Bactrianus ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns ◽  
Bactrian Camels

There are significant gaps in our knowledge of wild camel ecology; especially the activity patterns that allow them to adapt to desert environments. The wild Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a critically endangered species that survives in the extreme desert conditions of Central Asia. We conducted camera trapping surveys at seven watering sites in the northern piedmont of the Altun Mountains from 2010 to 2012. We analyzed the frequency of photo-captures to elucidate the wild camels’ diel activity patterns, and the seasonal variation in their activity at watering sites. We found that these wild camels were predominantly diurnal at watering sites, with an increase in relative activity from sunrise, reaching a peak toward midday, and then gradually decreasing in activity until sunset. The camels visited watering sites more often in winter than in summer. These results provide a guide for water development in the conservation of ungulates in arid areas.

scholarly journals Effects of human settlement and roads on diel activity patterns of elephants (Loxodonta africana )

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 872-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Gaynor ◽  
Paola S. Branco ◽  
Ryan A. Long ◽  
Dominique D. Gonçalves ◽  
Petter K. Granli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns

scholarly journals Activity patterns of the small and medium felid (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) guild in northeastern India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 13432-13447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shomita Mukherjee ◽  
Priya Singh ◽  
André Pinto Silva ◽  
Chandan Ri ◽  
Kashmira Kakati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Clouded Leopard ◽  
Northeastern India ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns ◽  
Leopard Cat

Fifteen extant species of cats inhabit India, and the northeastern region of the country is among the richest with nine species.  Among these are the “standard four”, an assemblage of Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa, Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii, Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata, and Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis, which also occur across southeastern Asia.  Within India, despite several surveys in this region, very little information exists on the ecology of this assemblage to explain their co-occurrence.  In this paper, we put together data from several independent camera trapping studies over 10 sites across northeastern India to examine and interpret diel activity patterns of this group.  While we present results for all the four species, we focus on two species, the Marbled Cat and Leopard Cat, which are of very similar body size and are potential competitors.  We used kernel density estimates to measure diel activity patterns of all four species and overlap in activity between Marbled Cat and Leopard Cat at the regional scale as well as the point scale.  We obtained 783 captures of the standard four from >27,500 trap nights.  The Asiatic Golden Cat and Marbled Cat were strongly diurnal, Clouded Leopard largely crepuscular and nocturnal, and Leopard Cat largely nocturnal.  The degree of overlap between Marbled Cat and Leopard Cat activity was low and in consensus with other studies across southeastern Asia.  We interpret this as the differing niche spaces of the two cats due to their specific pre-existing adaptations, not restricted to the effects of competition.  The point scale analysis when both cats are captured at the same location and separately show no shift in activity pattern, supporting our hypothesis of pre-existing differences in resources, such as food, playing a major role in facilitating co-existence.  Our study, however, is preliminary and additional information with robust analysis is required to test this finding.

scholarly journals Non-uniform evolutionary response of gecko eye size to changes in diel activity patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 20180064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Schmitz ◽  
Timothy E. Higham
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Regime Shifts ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Evolutionary Response ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns

Geckos feature a large range of eye sizes, but what drives this phenotypic diversity is currently unknown. Earlier studies point towards diel activity patterns (DAPs) and locomotory mode, but phylogenetic comparative studies in support of the proposed adaptive mode of eye evolution are lacking. Here, we test the hypothesis of DAPs as the driver of eye size evolution with a dataset on 99 species of gecko. Results from phylogenetic generalized least-square analysis (PGLS) and multivariate model-fitting reveal smaller eyes in diurnal geckos consistent with different phenotypic optima. However, Bayesian analyses of selective regime shifts demonstrate that only two of nine transitions from nocturnal to diurnal activity are coupled with decreases in eye size, and two other regime shifts are not associated with DAP transitions. This non-uniform evolutionary response suggests that eye size is not the only functionally relevant variable. Evolutionary adaptations may therefore include different combinations of several traits (e.g. photoreceptors), all with the same functional outcome. Our results further demonstrate that DAP only partially explains eye size diversity in geckos. As open habitats favour the evolution of large eyes while obstructed habitats favour small eyes, the degree of habitat clutter emerges as another potential axis of eye diversification.

Seasonal Diel Activity Patterns of Three Sympatric Ungulates in Forested Area in Central Japan

Mammal Study ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Ikeda ◽  
Satuski Nakamori ◽  
Masaki Ando ◽  
Takumi Shirakawa ◽  
Takuya Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
Diel Activity Patterns
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