An Event-Level Investigation of Factors Associated With Young Women’s Experiences of Coerced Consensual Sex

Little is known about instances of coerced consensual sex in which women report both that they consented to have sex and that their partner used coercive tactics (e.g., made threats) to get them to have sex when they did not want to. Yet, these experiences are frequently reported by young sexually active women. We examined the relationship between sexual victimization history and the woman’s level of alcohol intoxication in the likelihood of experiencing coerced consensual sex using event-level data collected over a 1-year period from 548 young adult nonproblem drinking women who engaged in sexual activity with men. Twenty percent ( n = 112) reported at least one incident of coerced consensual sex. A generalized estimating equation model revealed main effects of daily estimated blood alcohol content (eBAC) and sexual victimization severity. The more women increased their alcohol consumption above their own average and the more severe their sexual victimization history, the more likely they were to experience coerced consensual sex. Our findings highlight the fact that coercion and consent are not mutually exclusive in some situations and shed light on this important yet understudied coercive sexual experience.

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Sexual Attitudes Moderate the Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Women’s Risk Judgments

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260515604414 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 228-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Yeater ◽

Teresa A. Treat ◽

Richard J. Viken ◽

Kathryn L. Lenberg

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

Sexual Attitudes ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Sexual Experience ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Social Situations ◽

Alcohol Condition ◽

Risk Judgments ◽

Victimization History

This study evaluated the effects of alcohol intoxication, sexual attitudes, and sexual victimization history on the cognitive processes underlying undergraduate women’s risk judgments. Participants were 116 unmarried, undergraduate women between the ages of 21 and 29. The sample was diverse ethnically and composed primarily of heterosexual women. Stimuli were written vignettes describing social situations that varied on dimensions of sexual victimization risk and potential impact on women’s popularity. Participants were assigned randomly to an alcohol or a no-alcohol condition, and completed an explicit classification task in which they rated how risky each situation was in terms of their having an unwanted sexual experience. They then completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Sociosexuality Scale (SS); SES responses were used to quantify the severity of victimization experiences, and SS responses were used to measure endorsement of positive attitudes toward casual, impersonal sex. Although there was no main effect for condition, higher sociosexuality predicted use of higher thresholds for judging situations as risky. Importantly, sociosexuality interacted with condition such that higher sociosexuality predicted lower sensitivity to risk information in the alcohol condition but not in the no-alcohol condition. More severe victimization history predicted increased use of popularity impactwhen judging risk. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying specific cognitive processes affected by alcohol that may explain why women have difficulty processing contextual cues signaling risk in social situations. It demonstrates also the relevance of examining individual difference factors that may exacerbate the relationship between intoxication and cognitive processing of risk-relevant information.

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The Effects of Sexual Victimization History, Acute Alcohol Intoxication, and Level of Consensual Sex on Responses to Sexual Assault in a Hypothetical Scenario

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00042 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 938-956 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michele R. Parkhill ◽

Jeanette Norris ◽

Amanda K. Gilmore ◽

Danielle M. Hessler ◽

William H. George ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Acute Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Alcohol Control ◽

Situational Characteristics ◽

Hypothetical Scenario ◽

Consensual Sex ◽

Victimization History

Assertive resistance to sexual assault can decrease the likelihood of completed rape and its subsequent aftermath; however, this relationship may be influenced by situational characteristics. This study examined how 2 manipulated variables, level of consensual sex during an encounter and acute alcohol intoxication, along with sexual victimization history, affected women’s responses to a hypothetical sexual assault scenario. Female participants were assigned to a drink condition (alcohol/control) and to a consent history condition (low/high). Path analysis found that women who were previously victimized, consumed alcohol, and who were in the high consent condition endorsed greater immobility intentions during the assault; only level of consent predicted likelihood of assertive resistance. Resistance strategies were related to subsequent responding. Results suggest that interventions should seek to decrease negative consequences by empowering women to assertively resist unwanted sexual advances.

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Women’s Response Performance in Sexually Risky Situations: Associations With Disinhibited Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211016354 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110163

Author(s):

Kristen N. Vitek ◽

Elizabeth A. Yeater

Keyword(s):

Psychological Distress ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

Sexual Experience ◽

Alcohol Expectancies ◽

Research Area ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Social Situations ◽

Response Performance ◽

Alcohol Related Problems ◽

Victimization History

This study evaluated the effects of sexual victimization history, alcohol-related problems, psychological distress, and disinhibited sex-related alcohol expectancies on the effectiveness of women’s response performance in hypothetical social situations depicting risk for sexual victimization. Two hundred and forty-five undergraduate women first listened to audiotaped descriptions of the hypothetical social situations and imagined that they were the woman depicted in each scenario. They then were given a response to each situation deemed in prior work by experts in the sexual victimization research area to be effective at reducing risk for sexual victimization and asked to provide each response verbally while being videotaped. Participants then completed measures assessing prior victimization history, alcohol-related problems, psychological distress, and disinhibited sex-related alcohol expectancies. Experts in the sexual violence research area rated participants’ responses with respect to how effective each response was in decreasing their risk for having an unwanted sexual experience, defined as an experience in which the woman may be verbally or physically coerced into having a sexual contact of any kind with a man. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that disinhibited sex-related alcohol expectancies were associated positively with women’s response performance, indicating that women who endorsed greater disinhibited sex-related alcohol expectancies provided more effective responses to risky hypothetical situations. Findings suggest possible interventions aimed at reducing women’s risk of sexual victimization.

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Jaw Opening Decreases Window to the Deep Parotid Lobe

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/0194599818766317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 159 (3) ◽

pp. 439-441

Author(s):

Yu-Jin Lee ◽

Uchechukwu Megwalu ◽

Erick Melara ◽

Vasu Divi ◽

Vinay T. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Equation Model ◽

Condylar Process ◽

Jaw Opening ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Interincisal Distance ◽

Human Skulls ◽

The Relationship ◽

Improve Access

To describe the relationship between jaw opening and access to the deep parotid window, we identified the following distances in 10 human skulls: symphysis to angle of mandible, mastoid tip to angle of mandible, angle of mandible to condylar process, and mastoid tip to condylar process. With the jaw closed and open, these distances were measured with 1 to 3 wooden blocks, each measuring 1 cm, between the upper and lower incisors. The triangular deep parotid area formed by the last 3 distances was calculated. A repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant decrease in the deep parotid area with increasing interincisal distance ( P < .01). A generalized estimating equation model demonstrated a statistically significant decreasing area of the deep parotid window with increasing interincisal distance. These results suggest that nasal intubation may improve access to the parotid window.

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The Effect of Hypervigilance on the Relationship Between Sexual Victimization and Gait

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260517713714 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (19-20) ◽

pp. 4061-4082 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lindsay Fulham ◽

Angela S. Book ◽

Julie Blais ◽

Mary B. Ritchie ◽

Nathalie Y. Gauthier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Response ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

The Other ◽

Violent Victimization ◽

Perceived Vulnerability ◽

Within Subjects ◽

History Of ◽

Perceived Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Victimization History

Two studies investigated the relationship between hypervigilance, vulnerable gait cues, and a history of sexual victimization. In Study 1 ( N = 130), gait was coded for traits relating to vulnerability where half of the sample was unaware of being videotaped (Unaware condition) and the other half was aware (Aware condition) to induce hypervigilance (between-subjects design). Gait was associated with a history of victimization, but only in the Unaware condition. A mediation analysis found that perceived impact of victimization mediated the association between victimization and vulnerable gait. In Study 2, female university students ( N = 62) were measured on their victimization history and hypervigilance. Walking styles of participants were coded for the presence of vulnerability cues in both an Unaware and Aware condition (within-subjects design). A regression analysis revealed an association between hypervigilance and a reduced change in walking style between the two conditions. More notably, hypervigilance was found to moderate the relationship between sexual victimization and vulnerable gait but not violent victimization and vulnerable gait. These results suggest that hypervigilance may be an adaptive response that reduces perceived vulnerability in sexually victimized women.

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Rate of Social Isolation by Geographic Location Among Older Adults: AAA LongROAD Study

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.791683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Lynch ◽

Thelma J. Mielenz ◽

Guohua Li ◽

David W. Eby ◽

Lisa J. Molnar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Health Impact ◽

Equation Model ◽

Multivariable Regression ◽

The Relationship

Introduction: Social isolation is a modifiable risk factor for negative health outcomes among older adults. This work assessed the relationship between geography (i.e., urban vs. non-urban residence) and social isolation in a cohort of older drivers.Methods: The AAA LongROAD cohort with 2,989 older adult drivers from across the country were included. Social isolation was measured at baseline and at two subsequent annual follow-ups using PROMIS v2.0 Social Isolation 4a. The effect of geographic location with social isolation was assessed through with multivariable regression using a generalized estimating equation model.Results: The rate of social isolation in urban areas was 21% lower (adjusted RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.46, 1.36) compared to non-urban areas after adjusting for covariates, though not significant.Discussion: Social isolation is a predictor of poor health outcomes and geographic considerations have been lacking in the literature. The panel data in this analysis provides more evidence for causality though the under-representation of non-urban areas potentially reduces the power for the results.Conclusions: It is important to understand the needs and risk of social isolation in various geographic settings to ensure resources and interventions are appropriately modified for a greater public health impact.

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Ethnicity and Sexual Attitudes Affect Women’s Judgments of Sexual Victimization Risk

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801216640382 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 163-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer N. Crawford ◽

Kari A. Leiting ◽

Elizabeth A. Yeater ◽

Steven P. Verney ◽

Kathryn L. Lenberg

Keyword(s):

Sexual Victimization ◽

Sexual Attitudes ◽

Sexual Experience ◽

Ethnically Diverse ◽

Indian Women ◽

Undergraduate Women ◽

Victimization Risk ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Victimization History ◽

Hispanic White

This study evaluated the effects of ethnicity, sexual attitudes, and sexual victimization history on women’s judgments of sexual victimization risk in a set of dating and social scenarios. An ethnically diverse sample of undergraduate women ( n = 408) were asked to rate how risky the situations were in terms of having an unwanted sexual experience. American Indian women rated the situations as more risky than did non-Hispanic White or Hispanic women. In addition, participants with more positive attitudes toward a range of sexual experiences rated the situations as less risky than did women with less positive attitudes. Possible implications are discussed.

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Sexual Attitudes Mediate the Relationship Between Sexual Victimization History and Women’s Response Effectiveness

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260512436393 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (13) ◽

pp. 2565-2581 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Erica E. Nason ◽

Elizabeth A. Yeater

Keyword(s):

Sexual Victimization ◽

Sexual Attitudes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Victimization History ◽

Response Effectiveness

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The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000011 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 121-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Remus Ilies ◽

Timothy A. Judge ◽

David T. Wagner

Keyword(s):

Performance Feedback ◽

Business School ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Equation Model ◽

Proposed Model ◽

And Performance ◽

Dispositional Measure ◽

The Relationship ◽

Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

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