Race, Ethnicity, and Trial Avoidance: A Multilevel Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-451
Author(s):  
Jacqueline G. Lee ◽  
Rebecca L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
County Level ◽  
Racial Threat ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Black Defendants ◽  
White Defendants ◽  
Threat Theory

Minority criminal defendants are more likely than White defendants to exercise their right to trial, which is concerning given that research also consistently finds trial sentences to be harsher than those obtained via pleas. However, guilty pleas are not the only disposition available for avoiding a trial; pretrial diversions and case dismissals also serve as mechanisms for trial avoidance. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we find that Black criminal defendants are more likely than Whites to go to trial rather than receive other case disposition. Relationships for Hispanic defendants are less consistent. Fewer county-level effects emerge than expected, providing little to no support for racial threat theory. Results suggest that Black defendants are less often able or willing to avoid a trial, a finding which highlights and perhaps helps to explain racial disparities in final sentencing outcomes.

A Multilevel Test of the Racial Threat Hypothesis in One State’s Juvenile Court

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick G. Lowery ◽  
John D. Burrow ◽  
Robert J. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Racial Threat ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Black Defendants ◽  
Black Populations

Noting the paucity of research on the racial threat hypothesis in the juvenile courts, this study examined the interplay of defendant characteristics and country-level characteristics on dispositions. Data were retrieved from the Department of Juvenile Justice files in South Carolina and were analyzed using multinomial logistic hierarchical linear modeling. Results revealed support for the racial threat hypothesis, as racial inequity operated in a different manner (more punitively) for Black defendants. Larger Black populations in counties also led to an increased use of punitive sanctions. In addition, concentrated disadvantage effects were found, and heightened levels of teenage population led to higher incarceration rates for Black defendants. Limitations of this study, implications for stakeholders/practitioners, and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Vanishing racial disparities in drowning in Florida

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Mileo Gorsuch ◽  
Samuel L Myers Jr. ◽  
Yufeng Lai ◽  
Devan Steward ◽  
Rachel Motachwa
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
County Level ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Race Ethnicity

ObjectivesTo examine the change in the racial disparity in drowning in Florida from 1970 to 2015 and to analyse the contextual factors associated with white, black and Hispanic drowning rates in Florida from 2007 to 2015.MethodsOur outcome variable is county-level annual drowning rates by race, ethnicity, sex and age group. We computed county-level contextual data, including emergency weather events, temperature, extreme weather, number of pools, quality of pools, coastline, swimming participation rates and prominent black competitive swim teams.ResultsBetween 1970 and 1990, the disparity in drowning rates between white and black males in Florida decreased dramatically. By 2005, the overall age-adjusted drowning rates converged. This convergence was most striking for those aged 10–34 and 35–64. While the gap has declined dramatically, there remains a racial disparity in drownings among those aged 10–34.ConclusionsOverall, racial disparities in drowning have disappeared in Florida. However, some disparities remain. There is a persistent disparity in drownings among those aged 10–34.

The performance effects of coaching: a multilevel analysis using hierarchical linear modeling

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2110-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Agarwal ◽  
Corey M. Angst ◽  
Massimo Magni
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Performance Effects

Racial and ethnic disparities in youth perceptions of police in the community and school: considering the effects of multilevel factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-844
Author(s):  
Gary Zhang ◽  
Jonathan Nakamoto ◽  
Rebeca Cerna
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Attitudes Toward Police ◽  
Youth Attitudes ◽  
School Police

PurposeRecent publicized incidents involving police and youth, particularly minorities, may undermine attitudes toward police. This research examines the effect of race/ethnicity on youth attitudes toward police in two contexts.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes survey data from 17,000 youth in California aggregated with data on poverty and crime. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is used to examine the effects of individual and structural factors on perceptions of the police in the community and in school.FindingsRace/ethnicity is related to perceptions of police in both contexts even after accounting for structural factors, with Blacks and Hispanics having less positive perceptions than Whites and Asians. Differences in perceptions between racial/ethnic groups were larger for police in the community than school police. Structural factors were associated with perceptions of police in the community but not at school.Originality/valueThis study differs from much of the previous literature examining race and attitudes toward police, which has largely focused on adults. The current study examines youth attitudes toward the police in two separate contexts and considers the influence of structural factors.

County-Level Context and Sentence Lengths for Black, Latinx, and White Individuals Sentenced to Prison: A Multi-Level Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110218
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Durante
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Focal Concerns Perspective ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This article examines the relationship between race, ethnicity, county-level contextual variables, and sentence lengths for Black, Latinx, and White individuals sentenced to prison. Hierarchical linear modeling is used to examine the focal concerns perspective, the racial/ethnic threat thesis, socioeconomic inequality across racial/ethnic groups, political climate, and individual-level factors and sentence lengths. Data come from the National Corrections Reporting Program and other sources to examine sentences for over 500,000 individuals admitted to U.S. prisons between 2015 and 2017, from 751 counties. Results indicate that Black and Latinx individuals receive longer sentences than their White counterparts, even after controlling for relevant variables. The racial/ethnic threat thesis is not supported. Black individuals are sentenced longer than their White counterparts in counties with larger shares of Republican voters. Findings indicate that race and ethnicity continue to be salient predictors of punishment, with Black and Latinx individuals facing harsher outcomes than their White counterparts.

The Black Effect: Reimagining Racial Threat Through a Black Absolute Status Lens

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110006
Author(s):  
Tri Keah S. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
County Level ◽  
Methodological Limitation ◽  
Racial Threat ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Disparate Treatment ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Sentencing scholars have established the importance of examining how contextual-level factors influence judicial decision-making. Several studies have tested whether the presence of, or change in, minority populations—indicators of racial threat—impact disparate treatment of racial/ethnic minorities. Relying on these conceptualizations, however, ignores other important nuances of racial threat. The current study addresses this methodological limitation by employing a newly established comprehensive conceptualization of racial threat. More specifically, data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (FY2013-2015) are used to examine whether Black absolute status, a measure that taps into the sociopolitical position of Black citizens, influences the nature of racial disparities. Findings suggest that Black/White sentence disparities may be moderated by the extent of Black absolute status at the county level.

The Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Employees’ Proactive Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Fong-Yi Lai ◽  
Szu-Chi Lu ◽  
Cheng-Chen Lin ◽  
Yu-Chin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. The present study proposed that, unlike prior leader–member exchange (LMX) research which often implicitly assumed that each leader develops equal-quality relationships with their supervisors (leader’s LMX; LLX), every leader develops different relationships with their supervisors and, in turn, receive different amounts of resources. Moreover, these differentiated relationships with superiors will influence how leader–member relationship quality affects team members’ voice and creativity. We adopted a multi-temporal (three wave) and multi-source (leaders and employees) research design. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 227 bank employees working in 52 departments. Results of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis showed that LLX moderates the relationship between LMX and team members’ voice behavior and creative performance. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

Methods for the Masses: Demystifying Multilevel (or Hierarchical Linear) Modeling

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kath ◽  
Christopher J. L. Cunningham ◽  
Alan D. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
The Masses

Using hierarchical linear modeling to assess rural school effectiveness

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabitha M. McKinley ◽  
Eric A. Houck ◽  
Jiang He
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
School Effectiveness ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Linear Modeling

Hierarchical Linear Modeling: Applications, Strengths, and Limitations in Community Psychology

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Allen ◽  
Shabnam Javdani Javdani ◽  
Nathan R. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Community Psychology ◽  
Linear Modeling
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