Dynamics of the Gender Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangye He ◽  
Xiaogang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Multi Level

This article examines the differential impacts of marketisation and economic development on gender earnings inequality in reform-era urban China. Based on data from the 2005 population mini-census with prefecture-level statistics, we distinguish the effect of economic development from that of marketisation on the gender earnings gap. Multi-level analyses reveal that marketisation and economic development have affected gender inequality in different ways: whereas market forces have exacerbated gender earnings inequality, economic development has reduced it. Overall, marketisation appears to be the main driver of the increase in gender earnings inequality in urban China. Implications for policies promoting gender equality in China are discussed.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Earnings in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Shifts

Changes in the distribution of individual earnings between 1984 and 1995 are examined using data from the Household Economic Survey. Several dimensions of changes in the earnings structure are considered, including measures of aggregate earnings inequality, the gender earnings gap and shifts in relative earnings by level of educational attainment. Changes in the variance of earnings are decomposed to identify more clearly the source of the tendencies towards and against greater inequality. Evidence is found of a rise in hourly earnings inequality among males over the decade. However, the effects of this trend on the total earnings distribution were offset by a rise in the female share of employment and a narrowing of the gap between male and female average hourly earnings.

Private Pensions and the Gender Distribution of Fiscal Welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheál L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Welfare State

The provision of taxation relief to support pension savings has become a large and expensive aspect of the welfare state in many countries. Among OECD member states this exceeds $200 billion in revenue forgone each year. Previous research has consistently found this fiscal welfare to have pronounced regressive distributive outcomes. However, little is known about the gendered impact of these fiscal welfare supports, a void this article addresses. Using data for Ireland the article finds that the current structure of fiscal welfare supports notably favours males over females. Nominal contribution levels are higher among males, and males are more likely to be active contributors to pension savings. The associated tax supports are consequently skewed, with two-thirds received by men and one-third by women. This outcome suggests a continuation of the gender earnings gap into retirement and a discontinuity between longevity expectations and tax policy supports for pension provision.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document