The Power of Attention: Using Eye Gaze to Predict Other-Regarding and Moral Choices

According to research studying the processes underlying decisions, a two-channel mechanism connects attention and choices: top-down and bottom-up processes. To identify the magnitude of each channel, we exogenously varied information intake by systematically interrupting participants’ decision processes in Study 1 ( N = 116). Results showed that participants were more likely to choose a predetermined target option. Because selection effects limited the interpretation of the results, we used a sequential-presentation paradigm in Study 2 (preregistered, N = 100). To partial out bottom-up effects of attention on choices, in particular, we presented alternatives by mirroring the gaze patterns of autonomous decision makers. Results revealed that final fixations successfully predicted choices when experimentally manipulated (bottom up). Specifically, up to 11.32% of the link between attention and choices is driven by exogenously guided attention (1.19% change in choices overall), while the remaining variance is explained by top-down preference formation.

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A Bottom-Up and Top-Down Participatory Approach to Planning and Designing Local Urban Development: Evidence from an Urban University Center

Land ◽

10.3390/land9040098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Teodoro Semeraro ◽

Zaccarelli Nicola ◽

Alejandro Lara ◽

Francesco Sergi Cucinelli ◽

Roberta Aretano

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Urban Space ◽

Social Issues ◽

Well Being ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Top Down ◽

Bottom Up ◽

University Center ◽

Planning And Design ◽

Urban University

The urban area is characterized by different urban ecosystems that interact with different institutional levels, including different stakeholders and decision-makers, such as public administrations and governments. This can create many institutional conflicts in planning and designing the urban space. It would arguably be ideal for an urban area to be planned like a socio-ecological system where the urban ecosystem and institutional levels interact with each other in a multi-scale analysis. This work embraces a planning process that aims at being applied to a multi-institutional level approach that is able to match different visions and stakeholders' needs, combining bottom-up and top-down participation approaches. At the urban scale, the use of this approach is sometimes criticized because it appears to increase conflicts between the different stakeholders. Starting from a case study in the Municipality of Lecce, South Italy, we apply a top-down and bottom-up participation approach to overcome conflicts at the institutional levels in the use of the urban space in the Plan of the Urban University Center. The bottom-up participation action analyzes the vision of people that frequent the urban context. After that, we share this vision in direct comparison with decision-makers to develop the planning and design solutions. The final result is a draft of the hypothetical Plan of the Urban University Center. In this way, the bottom-up and top-down approaches are useful to match the need of the community that uses the area with the vision of urban space development of decision-makers, reducing the conflicts that can arise between different institutional levels. In this study, it also emerges that the urban question is not green areas vs. new buildings, but it is important to focus on the social use of the space to develop human well-being. With the right transition of information and knowledge between different institutional levels, the bottom-up and top-down approaches help develop an operative effective transdisciplinary urban plan and design. Therefore, public participation with bottom-up and top-down approaches is not a tool to obtain maximum consensus, but mainly a moment of confrontation to better address social issues in urban planning and design.

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Aligning compound extreme events as defined from climate science and sectoral impact perspectives

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15761 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Radley Horton ◽

Victoria Keener ◽

Kai Kornhuber ◽

Corey Lesk ◽

John Walsh

Keyword(s):

Extreme Events ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Climate Science ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Top Down ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Adaptation Time ◽

Multiple Regions ◽

The U.S

<p>This talk will contrast how U.S. decision makers&#8217; impacts-focused perspective on compound extreme events differs from climate science-based perspectives. Examples from around the U.S. will be provided, with an emphasis on cascading impacts that have spanned multiple regions and sectors. The talk will also propose a path forward for synthesizing &#8216;top-down&#8217; and &#8216;bottom-up&#8217; approaches to compound extremes, to facilitate adaptation. Time-permitting, preliminary findings from an analysis of sequential humid heat and extreme precipitation over the U.S. may be shown, as a guiding example. The work described reflects a collaboration of scientists funded by NOAA&#8217;s Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) program, charged with co-generating &#8216;useable science&#8217; by working closely with stakeholders. &#160;&#160;</p>

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Measuring context: The gaze patterns of children with autism evaluated from the bottom-up

2007 IEEE 6th International Conference on Development and Learning ◽

10.1109/devlrn.2007.4354067 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Frederick Shic ◽

Brian Scassellati ◽

David Lin ◽

Katarzyna Chawarska

Keyword(s):

Children With Autism ◽

Bottom Up ◽

The Gaze ◽

Gaze Patterns

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2D and 3D Visualization of Eye Gaze Patterns in a VR-Based Job Interview Simulator: Application in Educating Employers on the Gaze Patterns of Autistic Candidates

Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design Methods and User Experience - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_36 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 533-544

Author(s):

Michael Breen ◽

James McClarty ◽

Caleb Langley ◽

Jamshid Farzidayeri ◽

Kyle Trevethan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Visualization ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Job Interview ◽

The Gaze ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

2D And 3D

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INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF A RAISED CYCLE TRACK, PHYSICAL SEPARATION, LAND USE AND NUMBER OF PEDESTRIAN ON CYCLISTS’ GAZE BEHAVIOR

Journal of Architecture and Urbanism ◽

10.3846/jau.2019.3786 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 112-122

Author(s):

Gukhwa Jang ◽

Saehoon Kim

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Gaze Behavior ◽

Environmental Characteristics ◽

Physical Separation ◽

The Gaze ◽

Gaze Patterns ◽

Horizontal Gaze ◽

Fixation Points

Contemporary cities are home to an increasing number of cyclists. The gaze behavior of cyclists has an important impact upon cyclist safety and experience. Yet this behavior has not been studied to access its potential implications for urban design. This study aims to identify the eye-gaze pattern of cyclists and to examine its potential relationships with urban environmental characteristics, such as a raised cycle track, physical separation, land use, and number of pedestrian. This study measured and analyzed 40 cyclist’s gaze patterns using an eye tracker; the results were as follows. First, cyclists presented a T-shaped gaze pattern with two spots of frequent eye fixation points; the pattern suggests that it may benefit cyclists with greater safety and better readiness of road situation to avoid crashes. Second, more active horizontal gaze dispersion within the T-shaped gaze pattern was observed when participants cycled on a shared and non-raised bikeway. This indicates that there is a more suitable gaze behavior with different gaze limitations depending on the environmental characteristics. Therefore, bicycle facilities need to be constructed according to the consideration of the T-shaped gaze area and the change in cyclists’ gaze behavior in each environment to increase the effectiveness of bicycle facilities.

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