scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF A RAISED CYCLE TRACK, PHYSICAL SEPARATION, LAND USE AND NUMBER OF PEDESTRIAN ON CYCLISTS’ GAZE BEHAVIOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Gukhwa Jang ◽  
Saehoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Gaze ◽  
Fixation Points

Contemporary cities are home to an increasing number of cyclists. The gaze behavior of cyclists has an important impact upon cyclist safety and experience. Yet this behavior has not been studied to access its potential implications for urban design. This study aims to identify the eye-gaze pattern of cyclists and to examine its potential relationships with urban environmental characteristics, such as a raised cycle track, physical separation, land use, and number of pedestrian. This study measured and analyzed 40 cyclist’s gaze patterns using an eye tracker; the results were as follows. First, cyclists presented a T-shaped gaze pattern with two spots of frequent eye fixation points; the pattern suggests that it may benefit cyclists with greater safety and better readiness of road situation to avoid crashes. Second, more active horizontal gaze dispersion within the T-shaped gaze pattern was observed when participants cycled on a shared and non-raised bikeway. This indicates that there is a more suitable gaze behavior with different gaze limitations depending on the environmental characteristics. Therefore, bicycle facilities need to be constructed according to the consideration of the T-shaped gaze area and the change in cyclists’ gaze behavior in each environment to increase the effectiveness of bicycle facilities.

The Power of Attention: Using Eye Gaze to Predict Other-Regarding and Moral Choices

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1878-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minou Ghaffari ◽  
Susann Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
Other Regarding

According to research studying the processes underlying decisions, a two-channel mechanism connects attention and choices: top-down and bottom-up processes. To identify the magnitude of each channel, we exogenously varied information intake by systematically interrupting participants’ decision processes in Study 1 ( N = 116). Results showed that participants were more likely to choose a predetermined target option. Because selection effects limited the interpretation of the results, we used a sequential-presentation paradigm in Study 2 (preregistered, N = 100). To partial out bottom-up effects of attention on choices, in particular, we presented alternatives by mirroring the gaze patterns of autonomous decision makers. Results revealed that final fixations successfully predicted choices when experimentally manipulated (bottom up). Specifically, up to 11.32% of the link between attention and choices is driven by exogenously guided attention (1.19% change in choices overall), while the remaining variance is explained by top-down preference formation.

Effects of Infant Cleft Lip on Adult Gaze and Perceptions of “Cuteness”

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayson Holly ◽  
E. Parsons Christine ◽  
S. Young Katherine ◽  
Timothy E.E. Goodacre ◽  
Morten L. Kringelbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Facial Configuration ◽  
Infant Faces ◽  
Fixation Bias

Objective: Early mother-infant interactions are impaired in the context of infant cleft lip and are associated with adverse child psychological outcomes, but the nature of these interaction difficulties is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore adult gaze behavior and cuteness perception, which are particularly important during early social exchanges, in response to infants with cleft lip, in order to investigate potential foundations for the interaction difficulties seen in this population. Methods: Using an eye tracker, eye movements were recorded as adult participants viewed images of infant faces with and without cleft lip. Participants also rated each infant on a scale of cuteness. Results: Participants fixated significantly longer on the mouths of infants with cleft lip, which occurred at the expense of fixation on eyes. Severity of cleft lip was associated with the strength of fixation bias, with participants looking even longer at the mouths of infants with the most severe clefts. Infants with cleft lip were rated as significantly less cute than unaffected infants. Men rated infants as less cute than women overall but gave particularly low ratings to infants with cleft lip. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that the limited disturbance in infant facial configuration of cleft lip can significantly alter adult gaze patterns and cuteness perception. Our findings could have important implications for early interactions and may help in the development of interventions to foster healthy development in infants with cleft lip.

scholarly journals The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikari Koyasu ◽  
Takefumi Kikusui ◽  
Saho Takagi ◽  
Miho Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Felis Silvestris Catus ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Multimodal Interactions

Dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis silvestris catus) have been domesticated through different processes. Dogs were the first domesticated animals, cooperating with humans by hunting and guarding. In contrast, cats were domesticated as predators of rodents and lived near human habitations when humans began to settle and farm. Although the domestication of dogs followed a different path from that of cats, and they have ancestors of a different nature, both have been broadly integrated into—and profoundly impacted—human society. The coexistence between dogs/cats and humans is based on non-verbal communication. This review focuses on “gaze,” which is an important signal for humans and describes the communicative function of dogs’ and cats’ eye-gaze behavior with humans. We discuss how the function of the gaze goes beyond communication to mutual emotional connection, namely “bond” formation. Finally, we present a research approach to multimodal interactions between dogs/cats and humans that participate in communication and bond formation.

Impact of Product Design Representation on Customer Judgment With Associated Eye Gaze Patterns

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira N. Reid ◽  
Erin F. MacDonald ◽  
Ping Du
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Side View ◽  
Design Representation ◽  
Customer Preferences ◽  
Ordering Effects ◽  
Gaze Patterns

Researchers often use simplified product form representations, such as silhouettes, sketches, and other two-dimensional representations of products, to examine customer preferences. While these simplified representations make the analysis procedure tractable, for example linking certain design manipulations to certain preferences, the reality is that people evaluate more sophisticated product representations during purchase decisions. This paper presents the results of a study where two groups of people were shown either computer sketches and front/side view (FSV) silhouettes or simplified renderings and realistic renderings of cars and coffee carafes. Human judgments measured included opinions, objective evaluations, and inferences. Results show a variety of phenomena including preference inconsistences and ordering effects. Data collected from an eye-tracker help to elucidate these findings.

scholarly journals Influence of Road Geometry on Driver’s Gaze Behavior on Motorways

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 01001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borislav Hristov
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Left And Right

Driver’s gaze is a highly selective dynamic process, which ensures a precise perception of moving objects, speeds and spatial expansions in road traffic. Thus, the gaze behavior of drivers determines largely their driving behavior, and is crucial for traffic safety. With the aid of modern technology, the gaze behavior can be precisely recorded during driving. This paper describes part of the research, which has been undertaken in order to investigate the relationship between driver’s gaze behavior and horizontal alignment geometry. It is known, that driver’s stress state and gaze concentration are not the same when steering a vehicle along straight stretches and within curves. The stress is higher in curves and this leads to an increased attention. The gaze behavior in left and right horizontal curves is characterized by certain gaze patterns, which clearly differ from each other. In this respect, appropriate investigations and analyzes have been also carried out. Different parameters have been calculated in order to assess and quantify the gaze behavior. By evaluating these parameters, the spatial and temporal concentration of the driver’s gaze as well as the intensity of information acquisition and processing have been analyzed along straight stretches, left and right horizontal curves.

scholarly journals Analysis of Drivers’ Eye-Movement Characteristics When Driving around Curves

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-yuan Ren ◽  
Xian-sheng Li ◽  
Xue-lian Zheng ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Qi-chao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Target Point ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Reference Axis ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Horizontal Gaze ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
Gaze Position

To investigate drivers’ visual strategies and the distribution of fixation points, much work had been done and salient conclusions had been drawn. However, there is still no consensus on what the gaze target is and what functional significance the point might have. To improve theories on this subject, research was done to investigate drivers’ visual characteristics. On-road experiment was carried out, and drivers’ eye-movement and vehicle driving parameters were registered when driving around left- and right-hand curves. The results showed that drivers’ gaze direction fluctuates around the reference axis, and the fixation points are distributed in the region centered on the horizontal gaze position rather than a particular point that has geographical meanings. With the consideration of the traffic rules in China, we suggest here that there is no particular point on which drivers concentrate. Any point or position that could indicate the bend’s curvature could be the so-called target point. Drivers just want to operate their vehicle so as to pass through bends safely in a comfortable and labor-saving way.

scholarly journals Object-gaze distance: Quantifying near-peripheral gaze behavior in real-world applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Wang ◽  
Julian Wolf ◽  
Mazda Farshad ◽  
Mirko Meboldt ◽  
Quentin Lohmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Real World ◽  
Series Representation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Real World Applications

Eye tracking (ET) has shown to reveal the wearer’s cognitive processes using the measurement of the central point of foveal vision. However, traditional ET evaluation methods have not been able to take into account the wearers’ use of the peripheral field of vision. We propose an algorithmic enhancement to a state-of-the-art ET analysis method, the Object-Gaze Distance (OGD), which additionally allows the quantification of near-peripheral gaze behavior in complex real-world environments. The algorithm uses machine learning for area of interest (AOI) detection and computes the minimal 2D Euclidean pixel distance to the gaze point, creating a continuous gaze-based time-series. Based on an evaluation of two AOIs in a real surgical procedure, the results show that a considerable increase of interpretable fixation data from 23.8 % to 78.3 % of AOI screw and from 4.5 % to 67.2 % of AOI screwdriver was achieved, when incorporating the near-peripheral field of vision. Additionally, the evaluation of a multi-OGD time series representation has shown the potential to reveal novel gaze patterns, which may provide a more accurate depiction of human gaze behavior in multi-object environments.

scholarly journals Exploring the Gaze Behavior of Tennis Players with Different Skill Levels When Receiving Serves through Eye Movement Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8794
Author(s):  
Yen-Nan Lin ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Yu Su ◽  
I-Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Ball Contact ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the gaze behavior of tennis players with different skill levels when receiving serves through eye movement information. Methods: The skill level was divided into group A (experts, with more than 10 years of playing experience) and group B (novices, with less than 2 years of playing experience). We compared the differences in gaze behavior between groups A and B at the head-shoulder, trunk-hips, arm-hand, leg-foot, racket, ball, and racket-ball contact area seven positions using the Eye-gaze Response Interface Computer Aid (ERICA) device. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Compared with the novices, the experts have more gaze time in the head–shoulders, rack, and ball when serving forehand (p < 0.01). The experts also have more gaze time on the head–shoulders, trunk–hips, racket, ball, and racket–ball contact area when serving backhand (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Expert athletes have a longer stare time for a specific position, which mainly determines the direction of the ball. Tennis coaches can increase the gaze time for these four positions and improve tennis players’ ability to predict the direction of the ball.

scholarly journals Characterizing missed identifications and errors in latent fingerprint comparisons using eye-tracking data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251674
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Busey ◽  
Nicholas Heise ◽  
R. Austin Hicklin ◽  
Bradford T. Ulery ◽  
JoAnn Buscaglia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
No Value ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Latent Fingerprint ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Decision Making Factors

Latent fingerprint examiners sometimes come to different conclusions when comparing fingerprints, and eye-gaze behavior may help explain these outcomes. missed identifications (missed IDs) are inconclusive, exclusion, or No Value determinations reached when the consensus of other examiners is an identification. To determine the relation between examiner behavior and missed IDs, we collected eye-gaze data from 121 latent print examiners as they completed a total 1444 difficult (latent-exemplar) comparisons. We extracted metrics from the gaze data that serve as proxies for underlying perceptual and cognitive capacities. We used these metrics to characterize potential mechanisms of missed IDs: Cursory Comparison and Mislocalization. We find that missed IDs are associated with shorter comparison times, fewer regions visited, and fewer attempted correspondences between the compared images. Latent print comparisons resulting in erroneous exclusions (a subset of missed IDs) are also more likely to have fixations in different regions and less accurate correspondence attempts than those comparisons resulting in identifications. We also use our derived metrics to describe one atypical examiner who made six erroneous identifications, four of which were on comparisons intended to be straightforward exclusions. The present work helps identify the degree to which missed IDs can be explained using eye-gaze behavior, and the extent to which missed IDs depend on cognitive and decision-making factors outside the domain of eye-tracking methodologies.

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