scholarly journals Measuring context: The gaze patterns of children with autism evaluated from the bottom-up

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Shic ◽  
Brian Scassellati ◽  
David Lin ◽  
Katarzyna Chawarska
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns

The Power of Attention: Using Eye Gaze to Predict Other-Regarding and Moral Choices

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1878-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minou Ghaffari ◽  
Susann Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
Other Regarding

According to research studying the processes underlying decisions, a two-channel mechanism connects attention and choices: top-down and bottom-up processes. To identify the magnitude of each channel, we exogenously varied information intake by systematically interrupting participants’ decision processes in Study 1 ( N = 116). Results showed that participants were more likely to choose a predetermined target option. Because selection effects limited the interpretation of the results, we used a sequential-presentation paradigm in Study 2 (preregistered, N = 100). To partial out bottom-up effects of attention on choices, in particular, we presented alternatives by mirroring the gaze patterns of autonomous decision makers. Results revealed that final fixations successfully predicted choices when experimentally manipulated (bottom up). Specifically, up to 11.32% of the link between attention and choices is driven by exogenously guided attention (1.19% change in choices overall), while the remaining variance is explained by top-down preference formation.

scholarly journals Dynamic scan paths investigations under manual and highly automated driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Navarro ◽  
Otto Lappi ◽  
François Osiurak ◽  
Emma Hernout ◽  
Catherine Gabaude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

AbstractActive visual scanning of the scene is a key task-element in all forms of human locomotion. In the field of driving, steering (lateral control) and speed adjustments (longitudinal control) models are largely based on drivers’ visual inputs. Despite knowledge gained on gaze behaviour behind the wheel, our understanding of the sequential aspects of the gaze strategies that actively sample that input remains restricted. Here, we apply scan path analysis to investigate sequences of visual scanning in manual and highly automated simulated driving. Five stereotypical visual sequences were identified under manual driving: forward polling (i.e. far road explorations), guidance, backwards polling (i.e. near road explorations), scenery and speed monitoring scan paths. Previously undocumented backwards polling scan paths were the most frequent. Under highly automated driving backwards polling scan paths relative frequency decreased, guidance scan paths relative frequency increased, and automation supervision specific scan paths appeared. The results shed new light on the gaze patterns engaged while driving. Methodological and empirical questions for future studies are discussed.

INTERDISCOURSE SWITCHING IN DRAMA TEXT. GAZE PATTERNS AND COMPREHENSION CHECK RESULTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
M.I. Kiose ◽  
◽  
A.A. Rzheshevskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Event Type ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Discourse Interpretation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Interpretation Patterns ◽  
Event Construal

The study explores the cognitive process of interdiscourse switching which occurs in reading drama plays with the author’s discourse fragments incorporated (Areas of Interest). The oculographic experiment reveals the gaze patterns and the discourse interpretation patterns, more and less typical of the process. The experiment is preceded by the parametric and annotation analysis of interdiscourse switching construal. Interestingly, there exist several construal parameter groups contingent with eye movement load redistribution, among them are Participant construal, Event construal, and Perspective construal. The results sufficed to show that construal effects also affect mentioning Areas of Interest in the subjects’ responses, the most significant influence is displayed by Participant Agentivity and Complexity parameters as well as by Event Type parameters.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Attention Orienting in Young Children with Autism

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dima Amso ◽  
Sara Haas ◽  
Elena Tenenbaum ◽  
Julie Markant ◽  
Stephen J. Sheinkopf
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Young Children With Autism

scholarly journals Normal Gaze Cueing in Children with Autism Is Disrupted by Simultaneous Speech Utterances in “Live” Face-to-Face Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Potter ◽  
Simon Webster
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Mouth Movement ◽  
Gaze Cues

Gaze cueing was assessed in children with autism and in typically developing children, using a computer-controlled “live” face-to-face procedure. Sensitivity to gaze direction was assessed using a Posner cuing paradigm. Both static and dynamic directional gaze cues were used. Consistent with many previous studies, using photographic and cartoon faces, gaze cueing was present in children with autism and was not developmentally delayed. However, in the same children, gaze cueing was abolished when a mouth movement occurred at the same time as the gaze cue. In contrast, typical children were able to use gaze cues in all conditions. The findings indicate that gaze cueing develops successfully in some children with autism but that their attention is disrupted by speech utterances. Their ability to learn to read nonverbal emotional and intentional signals provided by the eyes may therefore be significantly impaired. This may indicate a problem with cross-modal attention control or an abnormal sensitivity to peripheral motion in general or the mouth region in particular.

What are you looking at? Gaze following with and without target objects in ASD and typical development

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110619
Author(s):  
Emilia Thorup ◽  
Pär Nyström ◽  
Sven Bölte ◽  
Terje Falck-Ytter
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
The Gaze

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display difficulties with response to joint attention in natural settings but often perform comparably to typically developing (TD) children in experimental studies of gaze following. Previous work comparing infants at elevated likelihood for ASD versus TD infants has manipulated aspects of the gaze cueing stimulus (e.g. eyes only versus head and eyes together), but the role the peripheral object being attended to is not known. In this study of infants at elevated likelihood of ASD ( N = 97) and TD infants ( N = 29), we manipulated whether or not a target object was present in the cued area. Performance was assessed at 10, 14, and 18 months, and diagnostic assessment was conducted at age 3 years. The results showed that although infants with later ASD followed gaze to the same extent as TD infants in all conditions, they displayed faster latencies back to the model’s face when (and only when) a peripheral object was absent. These subtle atypicalities in the gaze behaviors directly after gaze following may implicate a different appreciation of the communicative situation in infants with later ASD, despite their ostensively typical gaze following ability. Lay abstract During the first year of life, infants start to align their attention with that of other people. This ability is called joint attention and facilitates social learning and language development. Although children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are known to engage less in joint attention compared to other children, several experimental studies have shown that they follow other’s gaze (a requirement for visual joint attention) to the same extent as other children. In this study, infants’ eye movements were measured at age 10, 14, and 18 months while watching another person look in a certain direction. A target object was either present or absent in the direction of the other person’s gaze. Some of the infants were at elevated likelihood of ASD, due to having an older autistic sibling. At age 3 years, infants were assessed for a diagnosis of ASD. Results showed that infants who met diagnostic criteria at 3 years followed gaze to the same extent as other infants. However, they then looked back at the model faster than typically developing infants when no target object was present. When a target object was present, there was no difference between groups. These results may be in line with the view that directly after gaze following, infants with later ASD are less influenced by other people’s gaze when processing the common attentional focus. The study adds to our understanding of both the similarities and differences in looking behaviors between infants who later receive an ASD diagnosis and other infants.

scholarly journals The Impact of Mastectomy on Women’s Visual Perception of Breast Aesthetics and Symmetry: A Pilot Eye-Tracking Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Pietruski ◽  
Bartłomiej Noszczyk ◽  
Adriana M Paskal ◽  
Wiktor Paskal ◽  
Łukasz Paluch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Areola Complex ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Little is known about breast cancer survivors’ perception of breast attractiveness. A better understanding of this subjective concept could contribute to the improvement of patient-reported outcomes after reconstructive surgeries and facilitate the development of new methods for assessing breast reconstruction outcomes. Objectives The aim of this eye-tracking (ET)-based study was to verify whether mastectomy altered women’s visual perception of breast aesthetics and symmetry. Methods A group of 30 women after unilateral mastectomy and 30 healthy controls evaluated the aesthetics and symmetry of various types of female breasts displayed as highly standardized digital images. Gaze patterns of women from the study groups were recorded using an ET system and subjected to a comparative analysis. Results Regardless of the study group, the longest fixation duration and the highest fixation number were found in the nipple-areola complex. This area was also the most common region of the initial fixation. Several significant between-group differences were identified; the gaze patterns of women after mastectomy were generally characterized by longer fixation times for the inframammary fold, lower pole, and upper half of the breast. Conclusions Mastectomy might affect women’s visual perception patterns during the evaluation of breast aesthetics and symmetry. ET data might improve our understanding of breast attractiveness and constitute the basis for a new reliable method for the evaluation of outcomes of reconstructive breast surgeries.

scholarly journals The Effects of Long-Term Child–Robot Interaction on the Attention and the Engagement of Children with Autism

Robotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Maria van Otterdijk ◽  
Manon de Korte ◽  
Iris van den Berk-Smeekens ◽  
Jorien Hendrix ◽  
Martine van Dongen-Boomsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Interaction Quality ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact

Using a social robot has been proven to have multiple benefits for the training of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, there is no clarity on the impact of the interaction quality between a child with ASD and a robot on the effectiveness of the therapy. Previous research showed that the use of a robot in Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) could be an effective treatment component in diminishing ASD-related symptoms. Further analyzing the data from a randomized controlled trial of PRT treatment, we looked at the long-term effects of child–robot game interactions to see whether the interaction quality changes over time. The attention and the engagement of six children were measured through the observation of non-verbal behavior at three different stages in the treatment that took 20 sessions per child. The gaze and arm/hand behavior of the participants towards the robot, the game, and other present humans were observed. The analysis showed no significant decrease in the attention and the engagement of the children towards the robot and the game. However, the attention and engagement toward the parents of the children increased. We conclude that the main result of sustained attention and engagement with the robot is due to the personalization of the games to meet the specific needs of this user group. These specific needs are met through inclusion of variability to the level of development and personal choice of each participating child. We see the additional finding of increased attention towards the parents as especially positive since the children are expected to improve in human–human interaction as a result of this treatment.

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