Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans: The Risks to Human Health. A Review

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Skene ◽  
I.C. Dewhurst ◽  
M. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tcdd Equivalents ◽  
Related Compounds

1 PCDDs and PCDFs are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. They are to be found in body tissues of both humans and animals. 2 The most extensively studied PCDD is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It has been shown to produce a wide range of effects and is considered to be a (non-genotoxic) carcinogen in animals. 3 Studies into the mechanisms of toxicity so far reveal that there is involvement of a specific receptor (Ah), however further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms of the various effects. 4 Reports on a number of human exposures to PCDDs and PCDFs are described. Results from human epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret: there have been problems in methodology; there has been inadequate information on intake, and exposures have often been to mixtures of PCDDs and/or PCDFs together with other related compounds. 5 Many regulatory authorities faced with the problem of providing an index of risk from exposure to mixtures of PCDDs and PCDFs have employed the concept of 'TCDD equivalents'. 6 Whether or not PCDDs and PCDFs pose a significant human health risk at current levels of exposure they remain of considerable interest to the toxicologist.

An Alternative to Laboratory Animal Experimentation for Human Health Risk Assessment: Epidemiological Studies of Pet Animals

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-285
Author(s):  
Lawrence T. Glickman ◽  
Linda M. Domanski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Health Risk Assessment

Alternative approaches to the use of laboratory animals for human health risk assessment have traditionally utilised in vitro techniques. We propose an expanded concept of an alternative to include epidemiological studies of pet animals with spontaneously occurring disease. Compared with humans, the use of pet animals has the advantage of a shorter latent period for development of most diseases and is less confounded by occupational exposures or self-selected personal exposures such as alcohol and tobacco consumption. In contrast to laboratory animal experiments, spontaneous tumours in pets reflect natural exposures to a wide variety of environmental carcinogens, which may be more sensitive for the evaluation of the effects of complex low level ambient exposures, such as air pollutants. Sources of data on pet populations and their diseases are described and examples of epidemiological studies in pet animals are presented. Unlike laboratory animal experiments which primarily benefit humans, research into the cause, prevention, and treatment of spontaneously occurring diseases in pet animals may benefit the individual animal and the species.

scholarly journals A QUÍMICA NA AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO À SAÚDE HUMANA DIANTE DA EXPOSIÇÃO AOS PESTICIDAS

Química Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssyca Medeiros ◽  
Raphael Acayaba ◽  
Cassiana Montagner
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Human Biomonitoring ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Pesticides Exposure

THE CHEMISTRY IN THE HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT DUE PESTICIDES EXPOSURE. Pesticides are widely used worldwide in urban and rural environments. Since most pesticides are not selective for target species the concern about possible impacts on human health has increased for the workers exposed to these substances (occupational exposure) and for the general population (environmental exposure). Epidemiological studies, in vivo and in vitro have associated several diseases with pesticide exposure, such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s, and others. Therefore, chemistry plays an important role in evaluation of external (food and drinking water) and internal (human biomonitoring) exposure to pesticides through of analytical methodologies, for instance, chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, proving to be an important complement in the evaluation of risks of pesticides in human health.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Poston ◽  
Ramendra N. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers

Disruption of epigenetic regulation by environmental toxins is an emerging area of focus for understanding the latter’s impact on human health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), one such group of toxins, are an environmentally pervasive class of brominated flame retardants that have been extensively used as coatings on a wide range of consumer products. Their environmental stability, propensity for bioaccumulation, and known links to adverse health effects have evoked extensive research to characterize underlying biological mechanisms of toxicity. Of particular concern is the growing body of evidence correlating human exposure levels to behavioral deficits related to neurodevelopmental disorders. The developing nervous system is particularly sensitive to influence by environmental signals, including dysregulation by toxins. Several major modes of actions have been identified, but a clear understanding of how observed effects relate to negative impacts on human health has not been established. Here, we review the current body of evidence for PBDE-induced epigenetic disruptions, including DNA methylation, chromatin dynamics, and non-coding RNA expression while discussing the potential relationship between PBDEs and neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gregory Poston ◽  
Ramendra Nath Saha
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers

Disruption of epigenetic regulation by environmental toxins is an emerging point of focus for understanding the latter’s impact on human health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), one such toxin, are an environmentally pervasive class of brominated flame retardants that have been extensively used as coatings on a wide range of consumer products. Their environmental stability, propensity for bioaccumulation, and known links to adverse health effects have evoked extensive research to characterize underlying biological mechanisms of toxicity. Of particular concern is the growing body of evidence correlating human exposure levels to behavioral deficits related to neurodevelopmental disorders. The developing nervous system is particularly sensitive to influence by environmental signals, including dysregulation by toxins. Several major modes of actions have been identified, but a clear understanding of how observed effects relate to negative impacts on human health has not been established. Here we review the growing body of evidence for epigenetic disruptions induced by PBDEs, including DNA methylation, chromatin dynamics, and non-coding RNA expression while discussing potential relationship between PBDEs and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Human health risk assessment: application of the NORISC-HRA and ROME models at two test sites

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Quercia ◽  
A. Vecchio ◽  
M. Falconi ◽  
L. Togni ◽  
E. Wcislo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Human Health Risk Assessment
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