Sexually Transmitted Infections and Spousal Violence: The Experience of Married Women in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewli Shabnam
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Marital Violence ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
National Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Women In India

A growing body of research has documented that spousal violence has several adverse effects on the reproductive health of women. Using the dataset of the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) conducted in India in 2005–2006, the present study tries to find out the relationship between spousal violence and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women. How prevailing gender norms act as underlying factors of women’s risk of STI has been discussed in this paper. Overall, 9.6 per cent women in India reported an STI/STI symptom in the year preceding the survey. After covariate adjustment it was found that, compared to the women who did not experience violence in 12 months before the survey, the chances of having an STI/STI symptom was twice higher for those who experienced only physical violence and three times higher for those who experienced both physical and sexual violence during that period. The findings of this study suggest that prevention of marital violence should be incorporated in the programmes that aim to reduce STIs among women.

Physical, emotional and sexual violence faced by spouses in India: evidence on determinants and help-seeking behaviour from a nationally representative survey

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213266
Author(s):  
Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Karthika Ganesh ◽  
Karthiga Vijayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Married Women ◽  
P Value ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Help Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Women In India

ObjectiveThe current study was done to determine the prevalence, determinants, disclosure status and help-seeking behaviour of spousal violence using a nationally representative sample of ever-married women in India.MethodsWe have analysed the most recent National Family Health Survey-4 data (2015–2016) gathered from the Demographic Health Survey programme. Stratification and clustering in the sample design were accounted using svyset command. Point estimates were reported as proportions with 95% CI.ResultsA total of 66 013 ever-married women aged 15–49 years were included. Lifetime prevalence of spousal violence in India was 31% (95% CI 30.4% to 31.7%). Physical violence was the most common form accounting for 27.4% of victims followed by emotional (12.7%) and sexual violence (6.7%). Higher women’s age, Muslim religion, low education, employed women, lower socioeconomic status, presence of substance use among women and husbands, lower education and unemployed husbands, history of family violence and women in Central and Eastern states had a significant association with one or more forms of spousal violence with significant p value. Prevalence of help-seeking behaviour among women who faced spousal violence in India was 13.5% (95% CI 12.8% to 14.2%). Widowed/separated/divorced women, employed and highly educated women, and women in Northern states had significantly higher prevalence of help-seeking behaviour with respect to all the forms of spousal violence (p<0.001).ConclusionOne in three women in India faces spousal violence. Only 1 in 10 women seeks help following violence. Efforts should be made to ensure people working in formal institutions screen for spousal violence and know how to respond to women facing it.

scholarly journals Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with Married Women’s HIV Status in India, National Family Health Survey- 3

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Tapati Dutta ◽  
S K Singh ◽  
Subrato K Mondal ◽  
Lopamudra Paul
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Women ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
National Family ◽  
Women In India

<div><p><em>There are increasing concerns related to feminization of </em><em>human immunodeficiency virus</em><em> (HIV) in India especially its showing up among married women. Nuances of HIV related risk and vulnerability are myriad among them (married women) who are either oblivious to their partner’s risk behavior, unaware of their partners’ or own sero-status and often cannot negotiate safer sex. Dearth of evidence on HIV prevention programs indicating gendered outcomes further obscures the situation. </em><em>National Family Health Survey- 3 data of India were reviewed to identify </em><em>individual and familial correlates in their marital families, which </em><em>might be associated with the </em><em>HIV status among married women in India. </em><em>Bivariate and regression methods were used</em><em>. </em><em>Findings indicated key factors which </em><em>add to the vulnerability of married women’s risk-proneness to contract HIV. It calls </em><em>for more socio-behavioral and implem</em><em>entation research </em><em>addressing HIV transmission and prevention among married women in India, where typically the thrust has been mostly on HIV high risk populations like female sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men. </em></p></div>

scholarly journals Association of intimate partner violence and other risk factors with HIV infection among married women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2015–16

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Shri ◽  
T. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Lifetime Partner ◽  
National Family ◽  
Women In India

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important public health concern in many countries. It is fuelled by gender inequality and disparity, which has resulted in a fundamental violation of women’s human rights. This study aims to find out the association of intimate partner violence (IPV) and other risk factors with the prevalence of HIV infection among married women in India. Methods This study is based on data from the India National Family Health Survey (2015–16). Bivariate analysis has been performed to estimate the prevalence of HIV. Logistic regression analysis is conducted to find out the association between IPV, factors such as having alcoholic husband and lifetime partner, and HIV infection among currently married women. Results Married women who had faced physical, sexual, and emotional violence from their husbands/partners were almost twice more likely to have tested HIV positive compared to married women who did not face violence [OR: 2.14, CI: 1.08–4.50]. The odds of testing for HIV positive was significantly higher among the married women experiencing IPV and having alcoholic husband [OR: 4.48, CI: 1.87–10.70] than those who did not experience IPV and had non-alcoholic husband. The use of condom did not show any significant association with HIV infection. Again, having more than one lifetime partner had a positive association with HIV infection compared to those with one partner [OR: 2.45, CI: 1.21–4.16]. Conclusions The study revealed that factors such as experiencing all types of IPV, having an alcoholic husband, increased number of lifetime partners, being sexually inactive, belonging to vulnerable social groups, and urban place of residence are important risk factors of HIV infection among married women in India. The results also suggest that gender-based violence and an alcoholic husband may represent a significant factor of HIV infection among married women and interventions should on focus such vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Desire to delay the first childbirth among young, married women in India: a cross-sectional study based on national survey data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Ibarra-Nava ◽  
Vikas Choudhry ◽  
Anette Agardh
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Women In India

Abstract Background Young women in India continue to face diverse challenges that threaten their health and wellbeing. The reproductive health and rights of newly married women, who are often expected to begin childbearing soon after marriage, are often neglected. The present study aims to understand some of the factors associated with the desire to delay the first childbirth in young, married women in India. Methods The study utilised the data from the most recent National Family Health Survey 2015–16 in India. Our study sample was restricted to married women who were 15–24 years of age and who had never been pregnant at the time of the survey. Chi-squared tests, independent t-tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to measure associations between multiple independent factors and the reported preferred waiting time for the first childbirth. Results Among never pregnant, married women aged 15–24, 21.49% reported a preferred waiting time for their first childbirth of 2 years or more. Belonging to an other backward class, or OBC, (ORadjusted 1.55, 95%CI 1.14–2.10), having completed higher education (ORadjusted 2.04, 95%CI 1.11–3.76), marrying after the age of 18 (ORadjusted 1.57, 95%CI 1.10–2.24), a husband’s higher education level (ORadjusted 2.42, 95%CI 1.27–4.64), a younger husband (ORadjusted 0.75, 95%CI 0.66–0.84) and non-exposure to physical violence (ORadjusted 1.84, 95%CI 1.09–3.11) were significantly associated with a longer preferred waiting time for the first childbirth. Conclusion Intimate partner violence and partner characteristics play a role in the childbearing intentions of young women after marriage. Delaying the first childbirth could improve women’s educational and economic opportunities, their health, and the health of their future and properly planned children. To achieve this, it is crucial to promote and respect women’s right to decide who and when to marry, when to have children, and to promote relationships free of gender-based violence.

Associations of Power Relations, Wife-Beating Attitudes, and Controlling Behavior of Husband With Domestic Violence Against Women in India: Insights From the National Family Health Survey–4

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122097879
Author(s):  
Dinabandhu Mondal ◽  
Pintu Paul
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
National Family ◽  
Controlling Behavior ◽  
Women In India

This study assesses the relationship of power relations, attitudes toward wife-beating, and controlling behavior of husband with violence against women in India using the recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). In India, about 31% of ever-married women experienced domestic violence committed by their partner during 2015-16. Women’s decision-making power was associated with a decreased likelihood of spousal violence. However, the justification of wife-beating and controlling behavior of husband increased the risk of intimate partner violence. This study emphasizes the need for prioritizing girls’ education, enhancing women’s autonomy, prevention of child marriage, and promoting gender equality in society to address the problem of spousal violence.

scholarly journals Association of Intimate Partner Violence and Other Risk Factors With HIV Infection Among Married Women in India: Evidence From National Family Health Survey 2015-16

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Shri ◽  
Muhammad T.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
National Family ◽  
Women In India

Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is fuelled by gender inequality and disparity, which has resulted in a fundamental violation of women’s human rights. This study tries to find the association of intimate partner violence and other risk factors with the occurrence of HIV infection among married women in India.Data and Methods: This study is based on nationally representative data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (2015–16). Bivariate analysis and Multivariate analysis has been performed to determine the prevalence of HIV and Intimate Partner Violence. Logistic regression analysis is performed to find out the association of lifetime intimate partner violence and other factors with HIV infection among currently married women.Results: Married women who had faced physical, sexual, and emotional violence from their husbands/partners were almost twice more likely to have tested HIV positive compared to married women who did not suffer from violence [OR: 1.90, CI: 1.91-1.97]. The likelihood of testing for HIV positive was significantly higher among the married women whose husbands drink alcohol [OR: 2.49, CI: 1.69-3.66]. Interestingly, the use of condoms did not show any significant association with positive HIV status. Again, having more than one partner had a significant positive association with testing positive for HIV among married women [OR: 2.40, CI: 1.30-4.42].Conclusion: The findings of the study have shown that factors such as violence, having an alcoholic husband, increased number of lifetime sexual partners, having no financial autonomy, being sexually inactive for weeks, belonging to vulnerable social groups, and urban place of residence are important risk factors of HIV infection among married women in India.

scholarly journals Wives without husbands: Gendered vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among previously married women in India

AIDS Care ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1103-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Walters ◽  
Rakhi Dandona ◽  
Lawrence C. Walters ◽  
Vemu Lakshmi ◽  
Lalit Dandona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Women In India

Spousal Violence Against Women in India: A Social–Ecological Analysis Using Data From the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaleel Ahmad ◽  
Nizamuddin Khan ◽  
Arupendra Mozumdar
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Social Ecology ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
National Family

Even after enactment of the Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005, over the last 10 years, the rate of decline of prevalence of spousal violence against women has remained low in India. This study attempts to explain the experience of spousal violence using a social–ecological framework. We analyzed the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016 (NFHS-4) data of 66,013 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years. Participants in the domestic violence module of the NFHS-4 reported their experience of violence committed by their husband within the 12 months preceding the survey. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were done to determine the association between spousal violence and different explanatory variables of various levels of social ecology including variables on women’s empowerment. About one fourth of ever-married women reported experiencing any form of violence during the last year. The experience of spousal violence was significantly associated with social ecology at multiple levels. At the individual level, the odds of experiencing physical violence were higher among younger women, who married at a younger age, had an age gap of 3 to 4 years with her husband, and had more children. Women in vulnerable groups, with poor economic status, and members of marginalized communities had higher odds of experiencing spousal violence. Women had high odds of experiencing spousal violence if living in a social ecology with unfavorable social norms, higher rates of domestic crimes, and a higher prevalence of underage marriage. The association of spousal violence with women’s empowerment remained inconclusive. The results argue for manipulating contextual factors to empower women to challenge gender-related equations and investing in education for gender sensitization at the higher level social ecologies.

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