The Dragon Turns around and the Elephant Moves Forward: Inequality in China and India under Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-261
Author(s):  
K. J. Joseph ◽  
Liyan Zhang ◽  
Kiran Kumar Kakarlapudi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
China And India ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Employment Generation

This article tends to suggest that the strategy of embracing globalization has been helpful in raising GDP growth in China and India. The higher growth record also coincided with increasing income inequality, wealth inequality and regional inequality. While China seems to have made some success in making a turnaround in inequality, in India inequalities are on the rise. The present study attributes the observed trend to the nature of structural change and the resultant employment generation in terms of both its quantity and its quality. FDI and trade under globalization also worked towards increasing inequalities. The key issue is why globalization as implemented in India failed to generate employment unlike what happened in China. India seems to have been not adequately successful in globalizing at ‘our terms and at our own pace’, whereas China has been able to successfully manage its transition to the global market, which in turn, at least partly, explains the observed differences in the trend in growth and inequality in these two countries. At the same time, while there have been targeted and effective policy measures in China to address inequalities, in India, such policies are yet to show up their results.

Combatining Income and Wealth Inequality, Racial Discrimination, and Social Exclusion in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-215
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shared Value ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Policy Measures

Inequality has increased significantly in the United States during the last three decades. Growing inequality has become a shared value among political actors. Inequality has become problematic and a threat to values of citizens and even the conservatives in U.S. The chapter, therefore, examines the trends in income inequality between 1920s and 2010 and the trends in income inequality between 1979 and 2017. It also focuses on wealth inequality, realities of income inequality at sub-national levels, and income equality along racial and ethnic lines with a specific focus in the years 2007-2016. Also, inequality and social inclusion and social policy measures are discussed.

Combating Income and Wealth Inequality, Racial Discrimination, and Social Exclusion in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-144
Author(s):  
Augustine Nduka Eneanya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shared Value ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Policy Measures

Inequality has increased significantly in the United States during the last three decades. Growing inequality has become a shared value among political actors. Inequality has become problematic and a threat to values of citizens and even the conservatives in U.S. The chapter, therefore, examines the trends in income inequality between 1920s and 2010 and the trends in income inequality between 1979 and 2017. It also focuses on wealth inequality, realities of income inequality at sub-national levels, and income equality along racial and ethnic lines with a specific focus in the years 2007-2016. Also, inequality and social inclusion and social policy measures are discussed.

scholarly journals Social compensation as an indicator of national budgetary policy fairness and effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 11003
Author(s):  
Prateep Wajeetongratana
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Budgetary Policy ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Compensation Program ◽  
Compensation Index

Paper offers new, author’s method to calculate “social compensation” index (as aggregated macro economical one) reflecting the role of the state in social compensation policy implementing (fair policy and effective policy); analyzes these indices changes with dynamics of Ginny coefficient in the countries of the world, assess the effectiveness of the national social compensation program in countries grouped by the level of per capita income; gives recommendations on directions and principles of national policy of social compensation modernization which is relevant for the dynamics of the global market situation.

Inequality of Opportunity in Mexico

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-158
Author(s):  
Roberto Vélez Grajales ◽  
Luis A. Monroy-Gómez-Franco ◽  
Gastón Yalonetzky
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Variable Bias ◽  
Unequal Opportunities ◽  
Available Information

Mexico is a country with high levels of inequality and low intergenerational social-mobility rates for those located at the bottom extremes of the wealth distribution. Although such low rates suggest that at least a share of the observed income inequality may be due to an unequal distribution of opportunities, this conjecture has not been thoroughly tested in the literature. The present article fills this gap estimating the lower bound of the contribution of unequal opportunities to income and wealth inequality in Mexico, with an operationalization of the “ex-ante” approach to the measurement of inequality of opportunity. Relying on a national representative survey designed for the analysis of social mobility, namely, the ESRU Survey on Social Mobility in Mexico (2011), we are able to define a broad set of circumstance groups (“types”), encompassing the wealth of the household of origin. This available information reduces the omitted variable bias of previous estimations and allows for a better account of the role of inequality of opportunity in income inequality. Our results show that the lower bound of the contribution of unequal opportunities to total income inequality and total wealth inequality is around 30 per cent, which is substantially higher than previous estimations for Mexico and ranks among the highest values in Latin America.

scholarly journals China

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Shi Li ◽  
Terry Sicular ◽  
Finn Tarp
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Absorption

This chapter describes the major trends in China’s income inequality over the past forty years and explains them as the outcome of four interleaved stories. The first story is a standard development story characterized by structural change, market development, labour absorption, and the Kuznets inverted-U path of inequality. The second is the economic transition story, in which changes in income distribution result from the shift from plan to market. The third is incomplete transition, with opportunities for rent-seeking, corruption, and hidden income. The fourth is the story of government efforts to moderate inequality through social and welfare policies.

Income and Wealth Inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Sariscsany
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
Critical Issues

Reversing extreme economic inequality is one of the grand challenges for social work, identified as one of the most critical issues in the field. Two key types of economic inequality, income and wealth inequality are described. Although, wealth and income inequality are often discussed synonymously they have differing levels of inequality and impact clients’ lives differently. Perhaps more importantly, as this article describes, solving income and wealth inequality require differing solutions. The article further explores the specific income and wealth inequality experienced by women and people of color, due in part to discrimination. Lastly, the efforts of social workers to address economic inequality through research, practice, and advocacy are described.

Global Market Trends

2015 ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
William Amone
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
China And India ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
Openness To Trade

This chapter provides a discussion of competitiveness, globalization, and trade, including their recent transformations. The global market has witnessed several changes including reductions in trade costs, increased global trade, growth of industrialization in developing countries, and a complete change in the nature of goods traded. The drivers of global market changes include shifts in production and consumption patterns, technological innovations, new ways of conducting business, and policy changes. Many governments have lately opened their economies to international trade, enabling them to reap several benefits. Openness to trade is believed to have supported the growth of many countries and has greatly contributed to the success of most Asian countries, especially China and India. Although the global market offers numerous benefits, many developing countries still face serous limitations to fully access it; they are constrained by factors such as quality inferiority, distance, quantitative restrictions, poor technical skills, bad governance, and border controls.

Global Market Trends

2016 ◽  
pp. 16-36
Author(s):  
William Amone
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
China And India ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
Openness To Trade

This chapter provides a discussion of competitiveness, globalization, and trade, including their recent transformations. The global market has witnessed several changes including reductions in trade costs, increased global trade, growth of industrialization in developing countries, and a complete change in the nature of goods traded. The drivers of global market changes include shifts in production and consumption patterns, technological innovations, new ways of conducting business, and policy changes. Many governments have lately opened their economies to international trade, enabling them to reap several benefits. Openness to trade is believed to have supported the growth of many countries and has greatly contributed to the success of most Asian countries, especially China and India. Although the global market offers numerous benefits, many developing countries still face serous limitations to fully access it; they are constrained by factors such as quality inferiority, distance, quantitative restrictions, poor technical skills, bad governance, and border controls.

Outdoor Solutions for the Seasonal Concentration of Tourism Demand in Northern Portugal

2020 ◽  
pp. 364-379
Author(s):  
Paula Odete Fernandes ◽  
Alcina Maria Nunes ◽  
Cláudia Miranda Veloso ◽  
Eleonora Santos ◽  
Fernanda A. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Development Analysis ◽  
Tourism Flows ◽  
Overnight Stays

Measures that address the seasonality, one of the identified overtourism direct causes, allow making a critical reflection on the application of control policies and monitoring regional measures crucial on a sector with such importance at the regional development analysis. The measures should stimulate or reduce tourism demand during low or peak seasons, respectively, generating a better distribution of tourism flows and eliminating potential overtourism situations. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the development of a Gini Index to analyse the distribution of the seasonality in northern Portugal and through it control current public measures in practice and suggest the implementation of different and more effective policy measures. For instance, the ones that make a clear bet on outdoor tourism activities. It will be used in the Gini Index, by the tourists' market of origin measured by the overnight stays in hotel establishments. The results showed the high seasonal concentration of tourist flows.

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