The Organ Transplantation Act and Recent Trends in Korea

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho No Joo
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Allocation ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Transplantation Act ◽  
Allocation Criteria ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Brain Dead

The Organ Transplantation Act, including transplantation of organs from brain-dead donors, entered into force in Korea on February 9, 2000. This article introduces the Organ Transplantation Act, focusing on scope of the Act, determination of brain death, removal of organs from brain-dead or deceased donors, removal from living donors, organ allocation, and prohibition of trade in human organs. Especially, some primary ethical dilemmas surrounding organ allocation arise from the shortage of available organs. The primary ethical problems surrounding organ allocation are as follows. A key purpose of the organ donation incentive system is to increase the number of organ transplants from brain-dead donors. In particular, the priority for kidney patient was allowed in consideration of doctor’s strong desire to increase the brain-dead donors. Also, the organ allocation criteria based on the organ donation incentive system appear unfair, especially for the kidney patient, because the criteria do not fit the principles of distributive justice. In the future, the organ donation incentive system itself may need to be reexamined.

scholarly journals LIFE AFTER DEATH-THE HUMAN ORGANS TRANSPLANTATION ACT A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Chandrashekhar Mane
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Transplantation Act ◽  
Brain Dead

ABSTRACT: -  We all have been hearing, reading and seeing many issues regarding organ transplantation, but many people are not aware and serious regarding Human organ transplant. Many patients struggle for life after failure of functioning of some major organs. A patient with a case of renal failure can survive for some period with the help of advance technique Viz. Dialysis, but patients with failure of function of liver or Heart etc. have no substitute for Human Organ Transplant. It is a small effort to encourage and create awareness in people to promote organ transplant. In last 10 years people are much aware regarding organ donation and organ transplant. The person certified as brain dead can only donate his healthy organs to a needy and increase his life span [2]. In India we can see advancement in the field of transplantation. The law regarding Human Organ Transplant was passed in the year 1994 it came into force in 1995[1]This law includes Regulations regarding removal, preservation and transplantation of organ for treatment purpose and prevention of commercialization of human organs[1

Legal & Ethical Safeguards: Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable Participants in a Commercialized Organ Transplantation System

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-110
Author(s):  
Gloria J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Organ Allocation ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Transplantation System ◽  
Transplanted Organs

Legal and ethical questions regarding existing organ transplant procurement policies and practices are numerous and unsettling. They arise because transplantable organs are scarce. The scarcity of such organs has been the hue and cry of several medical and legal scholars. For example, the scarcity creates competition among those who wait, necessitating equitable organ allocation procedures and guidelines. Medical obstacles surround the determination of when, how, and on whom such procedures can be performed successfully. Other obstacles range from finding a suitable donor for proper “matching” with the intended donee, to the time constraints involved in preserving excised organs until transplantation, to the donee's ability to fight off rejection of transplanted organs. There is also the obstacle of locating available organs. As medical technology continues to advance, the number of possible organ sources increases. Currently, these sources have included live human donors, cadavers, mechanical devices, animals, fetuses, anencephalic infants, and “brain-dead” donors.

Successful Organ Donation From Brain Dead Donors in a Chinese Organ Transplantation Center

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2247-2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Sui ◽  
Q. Yan ◽  
S. P. Xie ◽  
H. Z. Chen ◽  
D. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
Transplantation Center

Brain Death and Organ Donation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Donation After Cardiac Death ◽  
Donation After Brain Death ◽  
Brain Death Determination ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology ◽  
Death Determination

Brain death is the state of irreversible loss of the clinical functions of the brain. A patient must meet strict criteria to be declared brain dead. They must have suffered a known and demonstrably irreversible brain injury and must not have a condition that could render neurologic testing unreliable. If the patient meets these criteria, a formal brain death examination can be performed. The three findings in brain death are coma or unresponsiveness, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea. Brain death is closely tied to organ donation, because brain-dead patients represent approximately 90% of deceased donors and thus a large majority of donated organs. This review details a definition and overview of brain death, determination of brain death, and controversy over brain death, as well as the types of organ donation (living donation versus deceased donation), donation after brain death, and donation after cardiac death. A figure presents a comparison of organ donation after brain death and after cardiac death, and a table lists the American Academy of Neurology Criteria for Determination of Brain Death. This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 3 table, and 20 references.

Brain Death and Organ Donation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Donation After Cardiac Death ◽  
Donation After Brain Death ◽  
Brain Death Determination ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology ◽  
Death Determination

Brain death is the state of irreversible loss of the clinical functions of the brain. A patient must meet strict criteria to be declared brain dead. They must have suffered a known and demonstrably irreversible brain injury and must not have a condition that could render neurologic testing unreliable. If the patient meets these criteria, a formal brain death examination can be performed. The three findings in brain death are coma or unresponsiveness, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea. Brain death is closely tied to organ donation, because brain-dead patients represent approximately 90% of deceased donors and thus a large majority of donated organs. This review details a definition and overview of brain death, determination of brain death, and controversy over brain death, as well as the types of organ donation (living donation versus deceased donation), donation after brain death, and donation after cardiac death. A figure presents a comparison of organ donation after brain death and after cardiac death, and a table lists the American Academy of Neurology Criteria for Determination of Brain Death. This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 3 table, and 20 references.

scholarly journals Brain Death and the Dutch Organ Donation Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Douwe J. Steensma
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Biological Perspective ◽  
Brain Dead Patient ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
The Right

According to many legal systems that regulate organ donation, such as Dutch law, a brain-dead patient is regarded as a mortal remains. In general, these systems do not take into account the fact that this definition is being heavily criticized and the far-reaching consequences thereof. In the case of organ transplantation, vital organs are procured from persons who, from a biological perspective, may not yet be dead. A government that values scientific data and wants to provide honest and reliable information to its citizens has to account for this critique of its policy as citizens have the right to be well-informed. Whoever makes the decision to donate organs performs a special act of human solidarity, but the readiness to donate organs in the case of brain death is not inherent to the demand to love one’s neighbor as one loves oneself. Summary: According to legislation on organ donation in many countries, a brain-dead patient is regarded as a mortal remains. The law disregards the fact, however, that this definition is being heavily criticized and that it has far-reaching consequences. In the case of organ transplantation, vital organs are procured from persons who, from a biological perspective, may not yet been dead. A government that values scientific data and wants to provide honest and reliable information to its citizens has to account for this critique in its policy. Citizens have the right to be well-informed.

Diminished autonomy and justice in liver transplantation – The price of scarcity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 147775092110162
Author(s):  
Philip Berry ◽  
Sreelakshmi Kotha
Keyword(s):  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Organ Allocation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Wait List ◽  
Medical Assessment ◽  
Patient Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Allocation Criteria ◽  
Qualitative Nature

Patient autonomy and distributive justice are fundamental ethical principles that may be at risk in liver transplant units where decisions are dictated by the need to maximise the utility of scarce donor organs. The processes of patient selection, organ allocation and prioritisation on the wait list have evolved in a constrained environment, leading to high levels of complexity and low transparency. Regarding paternalism, opaque listing and allocation criteria, patient factors such as passivity, guilt, chronic illness and sub-clinical encephalopathy are cited as factors that may inhibit patient engagement. Regarding justice, established regional, gender and race based inequities are described. The paradox whereby hepatologists both advocate for individual patients and discharge their duty of stewardship to apportion organs according to larger utilitarian principles is explored. Competing subjective factors such as physicians’ perception of moral responsibility, the qualitative nature of expert medical assessment and institutional or personal loyalty to re-transplantation candidates are described. Realistic limits of self-determination and justice are discussed, and possible future directions in terms of patient involvement proposed.

scholarly journals Perceived Support Among Families Deciding About Organ Donation for Their Loved Ones: Donor Vs Nondonor Next Of Kin

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. e52-e61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liva Jacoby ◽  
James Jaccard
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Next Of Kin ◽  
Perceived Quality Of Care ◽  
Brain Dead

BackgroundFamilies’ experiences in the hospital influence their decisions about donating organs of brain-dead relatives. Meeting families’ support needs during this traumatic time is an obligation and a challenge for critical care staff.Objectives(1) To elicit family members’ accounts of various types of support received and perceived quality of care for themselves and their loved ones when they made the donation decision, and (2) to examine the relationship between these factors and the families’ donation decision.MethodsRetrospective telephone interviews of 199 families from different regions of the country were completed. Aside from demographic data, the survey addressed perceptions of informational, emotional, and instrumental support and quality of care.ResultsOne hundred fifty-four study participants consented to donation; 45 declined. White next of kin were significantly more likely than African Americans to consent. Specific elements of reported support were significantly associated with consent to donate. Donor and nondonor families had differing perceptions of quality care for themselves and their loved ones. Receiving understandable information about organ donation was the strongest predictor of consent.ConclusionsSpecific supportive behaviors by staff as recounted by family members of potential donors were significantly associated with consent to donation. These behaviors lend themselves to creative training and educational programs for staff. Such interventions are essential not only for next of kin of brain-dead patients, but also for staff and ultimately for the public as a whole.

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