Tipos de big data y análisis sociológico: usos, críticas y problemas éticos

Solo con un conocimiento más consciente de los diferentes tipos de big data y sus posibles usos, límites y ventajas la sociología se beneficiará realmente de estas bases empíricas. En este artículo, a partir de una clasificación de los diversos tipos de big data, se describen algunas áreas de uso en la investigación social destacando cuestiones críticas y problemas éticos. Los límites se vinculados a cuestiones fundamentales relativas a la calidad de los big data. Otra cuestión clave se refiere al acceso. Otro aspecto metodológico a tener en cuenta es que los datos digitales en la web deben considerarse no intrusivos. Los métodos de investigación encubiertos ha desafiado la práctica de evaluación ética establecidas adoptadas en la mayoría de las instituciones de investigación: el consentimiento informado. Las pautas éticas digitales no pueden ser universales y estar establecidas de una vez por todas. Only through expert knowledge of the different types of big data and their possible uses, limits and advantages will sociology benefit from these empirical bases. In this article, based on a classification of the various types of big data, some areas of use in social research are described, highlighting critical questions and ethical problems. The limits are related to fundamental questions regarding the quality of big data. Another paramount issue concerns access. A further methodological aspect is that digital data on the web should be considered non-intrusive. Covert research methods have challenged the established ethical evaluation practice adopted in most research institutions: informed consent. Digital ethical guidelines cannot be universal and established once and for all.

Teaching Offensive Lab Skills

This chapter identifies and discusses the learning outcomes to be achieved because of hands-on lab exercises using ethical hacking. It discusses the ethical implications associated with including such labs in the information security curriculum. The discussion is informed by analyses of log data on student malicious activities, and the results of student surveys. The examination of student behavior after acquiring hands-on offensive skills shows that there is potentially a high risk of using these skills in an inappropriate and illegal manner. While acknowledging the risk and the ethical problems associated with teaching ethical hacking, it strongly recommends that information security curricula should opt for a teaching approach that offers students both offensive hands-on lab exercises coupled with ethical practices related to the techniques. The authors propose steps to offer a comprehensive information security program while at the same time minimizing the risk of inappropriate student behavior and reducing institutional liability in that respect and increasing the ethical views and practices related to ethical hacking.

Vulgar Talk and Learned Reasoning in Berkeley’s Moral and Religious Thought

Berkeley “argues with the learned and speaks with the vulgar.” I use his double maxim to interpret his ethics. My approach is new. The Sermons and Guardian Essays mainly speak to the vulgar and Passive Obedience and Alciphron reason with the learned. The reward of ethics is eternal bliss in a future state: religion and ethics are connected. I study a set of problems: resurrection, eternal life, happiness, benevolence, the goodness of God, and self-love. Divine bliss is unlike any earthly happiness. The idea of law does not support benevolence, even if it is a Christian duty and virtue. God is good, but how to prove it? The learned must study the complex theodicy problem; the vulgar need assurance based on their sensuous experience and fervent hope of eternal bliss. Self-love may be a vital issue to the learned, although the vulgar may not realize their need to overcome it. The main questions concern Berkeley’s two approaches to ethical problems: first, how do their topics differ, and second, are they mutually consistent?

MECHANISM OF SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS CAUSED BY TYPICAL SCLEROSIS OF COCHLEA

It is difficult to measure the cochlea directly because of the ethical problems and the complexity of cochlear structure. Therefore, finite element model (FEM) can be used as an effective alternative research method. An accurate FEM of the human ear can not only help people understand the mechanisms of sound transmission, but also effectively assess the effects of otologic diseases and guide research on the treatment of hearing loss. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) FEM of the human normal cochlea is proposed to study the changes in the biomechanical behavior of the cochlear sensory structure caused by the anterior fissure sclerosis and bottom-turn and apex-turn ossification of the cochlear window. The degree and harm of hearing loss caused by diseases are quantitatively predicted, which can deepen the understanding of the biomechanical mechanism of cochlea, and provide theoretical basis for clinical medicine.

Ethical Representation of Speech while Communicating in the Short Film “Pemean”

This study analyzes the ethics of one of the characters in the film "Pemean" through the speech and language he uses based on sociolinguistic studies. Background: this research departs from ethical problems in the use of speech used by the community when communicating in terms of the dialogues in the conversation of the film "Pemean". Objective: This study aims to provide understanding and skills in the use of speech and ethics that can be implemented properly in everyday life. Question: The question of this research is what is the relationship between speech and language through conversation used by the characters in the short film “Pemean”, which is based on people's reactions. Method: In this study, the researcher uses a qualitative method with a descriptive narrative approach, where the researcher analyzes the short film "Pemean" from the language side of the character's dialogue and relates the dialogue to the prevailing ethics in Indonesia, especially in the Java based on the results of questionnaires and interviews. Respondents are Javanese people aged between 15-30 years and understand the context of conversation and language use in the short film "Pemean". Research data: results of questionnaires and interviews as well as dialogues of the characters in the film "Pemean". Results: the analysis of this study resulted, 1) A person's speech reflects that person's behavior; 2) Most people choose to remain silent or ignore them when they find a figure like Mbak Sum's character. Recommendation: for further research, we hope that researchers can find out how a person's speech can reflect his behavior and the reason why people prefer silence in dealing with someone like Mbak Sum. Limitation: on the relationship between a person's speech and language with his behavior and attitudes taken by society in responding to similar problems as in the movie.

Gender Stereotyping of Robotic Systems in Eldercare: An Exploratory Analysis of Ethical Problems and Possible Solutions

Socio psychological studies show that gender stereotypes play an important role in human-robot interaction. However, they may have various morally problematic implications and consequences that need ethical consideration, especially in a sensitive field like eldercare. Against this backdrop, we conduct an exploratory ethical analysis of moral issues of gender stereotyping in robotics for eldercare. The leading question is what moral problems and conflicts can arise from gender stereotypes in care robots for older people and how we should deal with them. We first provide an overview on the state of empirical research regarding gender stereotyping in human-robot interaction and the special field of care robotics for older people. Starting from a principlist approach, we then map possible moral problems and conflicts with regard to common ethical principles of autonomy, care, and justice. We subsequently consider possible solutions for the development and implementation of morally acceptable robots for eldercare, focusing on three different strategies: explanation, neutralization, and queering of care robots. Finally, we discuss potentials and problems associated with these three strategies and conclude that especially the queering of robotics and the idea of a gender-fluid robot offers an innovative outlook that deserves closer ethical, social, and technological examination.

Features of the restoration of Buddhist thangka

Цель статьи — познакомить реставраторов и исследователей с традиционными и современными методами реставрации буддийской живописи на холсте, c оборудованием и материалами, которые применяются в лаборатории научной реставрации восточной живописи Государственного Эрмитажа. Актуальность данной работы продиктована развитием реставрационной практики буддийской живописи в последние десятилетия. В исследовании показано, как появление новых высокотехнологичных материалов, оборудования и методов исследования памятников позволяет реставратору более эффективно работать с ними. Также в данной работе показаны результаты изучения и исследования двух тангка. Комплексное исследование тангка, проведенное силами специалистов научно-исследовательских лабораторий, позволило правильно выбрать методики реставрации. Кроме этого, в работе приводятся краткие исторические сведения об иконографии и технологии создания тангка. В статье проводится анализ реставрационных методик и их выбора, рассматриваются этические проблемы, связанные с допустимой степенью вмешательства в структуру памятника. На примере сравнения подходов к реставрации двух буддийских тангка, реставрированных в разные годы (тангка «Образ буддийский Дорджэ Лэкпа» в 2018 году и тангка «Махакала синий шестирукий, трехглазый, стоящий на слоне с человеческой фигурой» в 2021 году), описаны различные методики. Анализ проведенных реставрационных мероприятий включает в себя описание проведенных исследований памятников до реставрации и методов отчистки поверхности, укрепления красочного слоя, восполнения грунта, выравнивания основы и восполнения утрат красочного слоя. В статье показана практическая значимость и результативность применения различных материалов, оборудования и методов реставрации буддийской живописи. Обобщены результаты реставрации обоих памятников. The aim of the article is to acquaint restorers and researchers of Buddhist painting on canvas with traditional restoration methods combined with modern equipment and materials that are used in the Laboratory of Scientific Restoration of Oriental Painting of the State Hermitage Museum. The relevance of this work is dictated by the development restoration practice of Buddhist painting in recent decades. It is shown in the study how the emergence of new high-tech materials, equipment and methods of studying monuments allows the restorer to work with them more effectively. Also in this paper, the results of the study and study of two thangkas are shown. Comprehensive the thangka study conducted by the specialists of research laboratories made it possible to choose the right restoration techniques. In addition, a brief work of historical information about the iconography and technology of creating a thangka is provided. The restoration techniques and their choices are analyzed in the article. Also the ethical problems related to the permissible degree of interference in the structure of the monument are examined. Using the example of comparing approaches to the restoration of two Buddhist thangkas restored in different years: the “Dorje Lakpa Buddhist Image” thangka in 2018, and the “Mahakala blue, 6-handed, 3-eyed, standing on an elephant with a human figure” thangka in 2021, various techniques are described. The analysis of the restoration measures carried out includes a description of the studies carried out on the monuments before the restoration, and methods of cleaning the surface, strengthening the paint layer, replenishing the soil, leveling the base and replenishing the losses of the paint layer. The article shows the practical significance and effectiveness of the use of various materials, equipment and methods of restoration of Buddhist painting. In conclusion, the results of the restoration of both monuments are summarized.

The persuasion of vaccine allocation models during Covid-19. Rhetoric, ethics and science

The swift development of effective vaccines against the new coronavirus was an unprecedented scientific achievement. In this paper, we discuss what models have been proposed for distributing vaccines locally and globally through the application of Aristotelian rhetoric. This discussion, therefore, focuses on a specific question: how are the different models of vaccine administration and distribution justified on an ethical-argumentative level? This report also examines what has come to be known as “vaccine nationalism” through the lens of the early experience with the COVID- 19 vaccination process. To this end, this report proceeds as follows: Section I explains the rhetorical method applied to ethical principles, and Section II explains the chosen criteria for the analysis. Section III looks at the Fair Priority Model; Section IV examines the COVAX and GAVI model; Section V presents the weighted lottery model. Section VI proposes a summary table of the analysis of the proposed models and Section VII focuses on the ethical problem of vaccine nationalism and its implications in relation to the models, that were taken into consideration during the previous sections. Section VIII offers brief conclusions; solidarity conceived as an argument of reciprocity should be, according to this analysis, the guiding value to address ethical problems in the area of resource allocation.