The Critical Incident Method, An Overlooked Way of Human Relations Training for Small Business

The paper presents an outline of Pigor's critical incident method for human relations training. The method parallels a real life process of decision making consisting of searching for information, formulating the problem, and deciding upon a course of action based upon explicit reasoning. The method also provides for making generalizations that will be useful in dealing with or preventing future human relations situations. It is pointed out that the critical incident method has advantages for small firms beyond those it shares with large firms. These consist of the special appropriateness for small management groups, the low cost because training sessions can be handled by members of the small organization, the relevance of the cases discussed which come from members of the organization, the flexibility of the format of the method, and finally the number of human relations goals that can be simultaneously developed by those in the same training session.

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Rapid Decision Making on the Fire Ground

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128603000616 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 576-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Gary A. Klein ◽

Roberta Calderwood ◽

Anne Clinton-Cirocco

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Critical Incident ◽

Protocol Analysis ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Relative Evaluation ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Decision Points ◽

Simultaneous Comparisons ◽

Fire Ground ◽

The Way

The objective of this study was to examine the way decisions are made by highly proficient personnel, under conditions of extreme time pressure, and where the consequences of the decisions could affect lives and property. Fire Ground Commanders (FGCs), who are responsible for allocating personnel and resources at the scene of a fire, were studied using a critical incident protocol analysis. The major finding was that in less than 12% of the decision points was there any evidence of simultaneous comparisons and relative evaluation of two or more options. Instead the FGCs most commonly relied on their experience to directly identify the situation as typical and to identify a course of action as appropriate for that prototype. A Recognition Primed Decision (RPD) model is proposed which emphasizes the use of recognition rather than calculation or analysis for rapid decision making.

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The Effect of a 3-Minute Mindfulness Intervention, and the Mediating Role of Maximization, on Critical Incident Decision-Making

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674694 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Neil D. Shortland ◽

Presley McGarry ◽

Lisa Thompson ◽

Catherine Stevens ◽

Laurence J. Alison

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Critical Incident ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Mindfulness Intervention ◽

Self Reflection ◽

Emergency Responders ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Course Of Action ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveIn this study, we extend the impact of mindfulness to the concept of least-worst decision-making. Least-worst decisions involve high-uncertainty and require the individual to choose between a number of potentially negative courses of action. Research is increasingly exploring least-worst decisions, and real-world events (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) show the need for individuals to overcome uncertainty and commit to a least-worst course of action. From sports to business, researchers are increasingly showing that “being mindful” has a range of positive performance-related benefits. We hypothesized that mindfulness would improve least-worst decision-making because it would increase self-reflection and value identification. However, we also hypothesized that trait maximization (the tendency to attempt to choose the “best” course of action) would negatively interact with mindfulness.MethodsThree hundred and ninety-eight participants were recruited using Amazon MTurk and exposed to a brief mindfulness intervention or a control intervention (listening to an audiobook). After this intervention, participants completed the Least-Worst Uncertain Choice Inventory for Emergency Responders (LUCIFER).ResultsAs hypothesized, mindfulness increased decision-making speed and approach-tendencies. Conversely, for high-maximizers, increased mindfulness caused a slowing of the decision-making process and led to more avoidant choices.ConclusionsThis study shows the potential positive and negative consequences of mindfulness for least-worst decision-making, emphasizing the critical importance of individual differences when considering both the effect of mindfulness and interventions aimed at improving decision-making.

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From Exploration to Re-Enactment: Instructional Uses of a Desktop Virtual Environment for Training Nuclear Plant Field Operators

Vocations and Learning ◽

10.1007/s12186-020-09261-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Artémis Drakos ◽

Simon Flandin ◽

Geneviève Filippi ◽

François Palaci ◽

Philippe Veyrunes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Environment ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Video Recording ◽

Training Session ◽

Real Life ◽

Point Of View ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

Instructional Use ◽

Field Notes

AbstractDespite the growing use of virtual environments for training in complex industrial settings, we have little understanding of how these innovative settings transform training and trainers everyday work. This study investigates the instructional use of an industrial building’s virtual environment by expert trainers during a training session for nuclear power plant field operators. Drawing from the course-of-action theoretical and methodological framework, field notes, continuous video-recording of the training sessions and verbalisations during post-training self-confrontation interviews with the trainers were collected and analysed. The results point out four typical instructional uses of the virtual environment in authentic settings: (a) showing the material elements and spatial layout of certain areas of the reactor building, (b) displaying safe and typical paths through the building, (c) explaining functional aspects to help trainees develop an operating model of the nuclear building, and (d) sharing salient experience through real-life anecdotes. These typical uses and their related learning dimensions are anchored in the re-enactments of expert trainer’s embodied past events. The discussion develops the counterintuitive idea that from an instructional point of view, the intensified immersion of trainers afforded by the virtual environment seems less influential than emerging practice-based learning experiences. We conclude with new possibilities for improving learning through and for work thanks to re-enactment of expert trainers’ past work practices.

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Modified Multi-Grey Wolf Pack for Vital Sign-Based Disease Identification

Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing - Soft Computing Methods for System Dependability ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1718-5.ch002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 45-94

Author(s):

Nabanita Banerjee ◽

Sumitra Mukhopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Vital Sign ◽

Low Cost ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Real Life ◽

Net Energy ◽

Grey Wolf ◽

Basic Model ◽

Decision Making System ◽

The Individual

Noninvasive process of vital sign identification and design of low-cost decision-making system for the betterment of rural health care support is a prime facet of research. The identification of bio-signals from different sensors, noise removal, signal processing, and decision making requires the use of sophisticated expert system. In this chapter, the authors propose a modified multi grey wolf pack optimization technique (MMGWO) for better generalization and diversification. The basic model has been modified using net energy gain of the individual wolf in the process of hunting. Here multiple packs of wolves are considered with simultaneous sharing and conflict among them. The performance of the proposed technique is tested on 23 well known classical benchmark functions, CEC 2014 benchmark problem set along with classical real-life applications. The experimental results and related analysis show that the proposed MMGWO is significantly superior to other existing techniques.

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Novel do-it-yourself low-cost abdominal laparoscopy entry simulator for gynaecology trainees

International Journal of Healthcare Simulation ◽

10.54531/eeic5466 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Kamalaveni Soundararajan ◽

Karthikadevi Sivakumar ◽

Andrew Blackmore ◽

Marina Flynn

Keyword(s):

Supervised Learning ◽

Low Cost ◽

Training Session ◽

Real Life ◽

Operating Theatre ◽

Personalized Feedback ◽

Operative Laparoscopy ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Laparoscopic Entry ◽

Do It Yourself

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected gynaecology trainees in the United Kingdom by reducing operating theatre experience. Simulators are widely used for operative laparoscopy but not for practising laparoscopic-entry techniques. We devised a low-cost simulator to help trainees achieve the skill. Our aim was to pilot this low-cost simulator to perform Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) supervised learning events.A single-centre pilot study involving six gynaecology trainees in a structured training session. Interactive PowerPoint teaching was followed by trainees’ demonstration of laparoscopic entry for a supervised learning event and personalized feedback. Participants completed pre- and post-course questionnaires.All the trainees found the training useful to the score of 10 (scale of 1–10) and recommended this to be included in Deanery teaching. Personalized feedback was described as the most useful. The simulator was rated as good as a real-life patient relative to the skill being taught.Gynaecology trainees are affected by lack of hands-on experience in the operating theatre for performing laparoscopic entry. A low-cost abdominal laparoscopy entry simulator can help deliver the RCOG curriculum, enabling trainees to achieve required competencies.

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Quality assessment of a new surgical simulator for neuroendoscopic training

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2011.2.focus10321 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. E17 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Francisco Vaz Guimarães Filho ◽

Giselle Coelho ◽

Sergio Cavalheiro ◽

Marcos Lyra ◽

Samuel T. Zymberg

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Low Cost ◽

Training Session ◽

Real Life ◽

Surgical Skills ◽

Surgical Simulator ◽

Training Models ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Face Validation

Object Ideal surgical training models should be entirely reliable, atoxic, easy to handle, and, if possible, low cost. All available models have their advantages and disadvantages. The choice of one or another will depend on the type of surgery to be performed. The authors created an anatomical model called the S.I.M.O.N.T. (Sinus Model Oto-Rhino Neuro Trainer) Neurosurgical Endotrainer, which can provide reliable neuroendoscopic training. The aim in the present study was to assess both the quality of the model and the development of surgical skills by trainees. Methods The S.I.M.O.N.T. is built of a synthetic thermoretractable, thermosensible rubber called Neoderma, which, combined with different polymers, produces more than 30 different formulas. Quality assessment of the model was based on qualitative and quantitative data obtained from training sessions with 9 experienced and 13 inexperienced neurosurgeons. The techniques used for evaluation were face validation, retest and interrater reliability, and construct validation. Results The experts considered the S.I.M.O.N.T. capable of reproducing surgical situations as if they were real and presenting great similarity with the human brain. Surgical results of serial training showed that the model could be considered precise. Finally, development and improvement in surgical skills by the trainees were observed and considered relevant to further training. It was also observed that the probability of any single error was dramatically decreased after each training session, with a mean reduction of 41.65% (range 38.7%–45.6%). Conclusions Neuroendoscopic training has some specific requirements. A unique set of instruments is required, as is a model that can resemble real-life situations. The S.I.M.O.N.T. is a new alternative model specially designed for this purpose. Validation techniques followed by precision assessments attested to the model's feasibility.

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