Epistemic Communities and Public Support for the Paris Agreement on Climate Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292094640
Author(s):  
Daniel Maliniak ◽  
Eric Parajon ◽  
Ryan Powers
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Epistemic Communities ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
The Public ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Levels Of Support

We study how informing the public about the views of international policy experts shapes public support for international cooperation. Using survey experiments, we test whether variation in levels of support among experts with differing types of domain-specific knowledge can shape public support for a recent and politically salient international treaty: the UNFCCC COP21 Paris Climate Agreement. Our results show that the public is, under certain conditions, deferential to the views of experts, with respondents reporting increasingly higher levels of support for the COP21 agreement as support among experts increased. In addition, we provide suggestive evidence that domain-specific expertise matters: When it comes to support for the COP21 agreement, the public is most sensitive to the views of climate scientists, while exposure to the views of international relations and international economics experts have less dramatic and less consistent effects. Despite these results, we find that it is exposing the public to information about opposition to a proposed treaty among members of relevant epistemic communities that has greatest and most consistent effects. Our findings thus provide new insight into the conditions under which epistemic communities can shape public support for particular policy alternatives.

‘I’m an expert in me and I know what I can cope with’: Patient expertise in rheumatoid arthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Sanderson ◽  
Jo Angouri
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Patient Expertise ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
The Uk

The active involvement of patients in decision-making and the focus on patient expertise in managing chronic illness constitutes a priority in many healthcare systems including the NHS in the UK. With easier access to health information, patients are almost expected to be (or present self) as an ‘expert patient’ (Ziebland 2004). This paper draws on the meta-analysis of interview data collected for identifying treatment outcomes important to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking a discourse approach to identity, the discussion focuses on the resources used in the negotiation and co-construction of expert identities, including domain-specific knowledge, access to institutional resources, and ability to self-manage. The analysis shows that expertise is both projected (institutionally sanctioned) and claimed by the patient (self-defined). We close the paper by highlighting the limitations of our pilot study and suggest avenues for further research.

Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Caramazza ◽  
Jennifer R. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Framework ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychological ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selective Impairment

We claim that the animate and inanimate conceptual categories represent evolutionarily adapted domain-specific knowledge systems that are subserved by distinct neural mechanisms, thereby allowing for their selective impairment in conditions of brain damage. On this view, (some of) the category-specific deficits that have recently been reported in the cognitive neuropsychological literature—for example, the selective damage or sparing of knowledge about animals—are truly categorical effects. Here, we articulate and defend this thesis against the dominant, reductionist theory of category-specific deficits, which holds that the categorical nature of the deficits is the result of selective damage to noncategorically organized visual or functional semantic subsystems. On the latter view, the sensory/functional dimension provides the fundamental organizing principle of the semantic system. Since, according to the latter theory, sensory and functional properties are differentially important in determining the meaning of the members of different semantic categories, selective damage to the visual or the functional semantic subsystem will result in a category-like deficit. A review of the literature and the results of a new case of category-specific deficit will show that the domain-specific knowledge framework provides a better account of category-specific deficits than the sensory/functional dichotomy theory.

scholarly journals Toward Knowledge Management for Smart Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaw C. Feng ◽  
William Z. Bernstein ◽  
Thomas Hedberg ◽  
Allison Barnard Feeney
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Process Planning ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Objects ◽  
Planning Production

The need for capturing knowledge in the digital form in design, process planning, production, and inspection has increasingly become an issue in manufacturing industries as the variety and complexity of product lifecycle applications increase. Both knowledge and data need to be well managed for quality assurance, lifecycle impact assessment, and design improvement. Some technical barriers exist today that inhibit industry from fully utilizing design, planning, processing, and inspection knowledge. The primary barrier is a lack of a well-accepted mechanism that enables users to integrate data and knowledge. This paper prescribes knowledge management to address a lack of mechanisms for integrating, sharing, and updating domain-specific knowledge in smart manufacturing (SM). Aspects of the knowledge constructs include conceptual design, detailed design, process planning, material property, production, and inspection. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a methodology on what knowledge manufacturing organizations access, update, and archive in the context of SM. The case study in this paper provides some example knowledge objects to enable SM.

scholarly journals Cross-Fertilizing Deep Web Analysis and Ontology Enrichment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena Oita ◽  
Antoine Amarilli ◽  
Pierre Senellart
Keyword(s):  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Deep Web ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Web Crawlers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

Deep Web databases, whose content is presented as dynamically-generated Web pages hidden behind forms, have mostly been left unindexed by search engine crawlers. In order to automatically explore this mass of information, many current techniques assume the existence of domain knowledge, which is costly to create and maintain. In this article, we present a new perspective on form understanding and deep Web data acquisition that does not require any domain-specific knowledge. Unlike previous approaches, we do not perform the various steps in the process (e.g., form understanding, record identification, attribute labeling) independently but integrate them to achieve a more complete understanding of deep Web sources. Through information extraction techniques and using the form itself for validation, we reconcile input and output schemas in a labeled graph which is further aligned with a generic ontology. The impact of this alignment is threefold: first, the resulting semantic infrastructure associated with the form can assist Web crawlers when probing the form for content indexing; second, attributes of response pages are labeled by matching known ontology instances, and relations between attributes are uncovered; and third, we enrich the generic ontology with facts from the deep Web.

scholarly journals Levels of support for the licensing of tobacco retailers in Australia: Findings from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2004-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Baker ◽  
Mohd Masood ◽  
Muhammad Aziz Rahman ◽  
Stephen Begg
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Clear Majority

Abstract Assessing public opinion towards tobacco policies is important, particularly when determining the possible direction of future public health policies. The aim of this study was to describe the implementation of tobacco retailer licensing systems by state and territory governments in Australia, and to use the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) to assess levels of public support for a retailer licensing system in each jurisdiction over time and by a range of socio-demographic and behavioural attributes. National and state/territory estimates of public support for a tobacco retailer licensing system were derived as proportions using NDSHS data from 2004 to 2016. The effect of one’s jurisdiction of residence on the likelihood of supporting such an initiative in 2016 was assessed using logistic regression while controlling for various socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. Public support for a tobacco retailer licensing system ranged from a high of 67.2% (95% CI 66.5% – 67.9%) nationally in 2007 and declined to 59.5% (95% CI 58.9% – 60.2%) in 2016. In 2016, support was greatest amongst those from Tasmania, those aged 50 years and older, females, those from the least disadvantaged areas, those living in major cities, never-smokers and never-drinkers. After adjusting for the socio-demographic and behavioural attributes of respondents, those from Queensland were significantly less likely to support a licensing system (adjusted OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 – 0.94) compared to those from other jurisdictions, while those from Tasmania were significantly more likely to support a licensing system compared to those from other jurisdictions (adjusted OR = 1.29 , 95% CI 1.09 – 1.52). A clear majority of the public support a tobacco retailer licensing system, regardless of whether or not such a system is already in place in their jurisdiction of residence. Tobacco control initiatives other than a retailer licensing system may explain some of the residual variations in support observed between jurisdictions.

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