What Drives Women’s Substantive Representation in Muslim-Majority Countries? Lessons from Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292094813
Author(s):  
Alper T. Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

Although a voluminous literature has studied the substantive representation of women, these studies have largely been confined to advanced democracies. Similarly, studies that focus on the relationship between Islam and women’s rights largely ignored the substantive representation of women in Muslim-majority countries. As one of the first studies of its kind, this article investigates the role of religion in the substantive representation of women by focusing on a Muslim-majority country: Turkey. Using a novel data set of 4,700 content coded private members’ bills (PMBs) drafted in the Turkish parliament between 2002 and 2015, this article synthesizes competing explanations of women’s representation in the Middle East and rigorously tests the implications of religion, ideology, critical mass, and labor force participation accounts. The results have significant implications for the study of gender and politics in Muslim-majority countries.

Critical Mass Theory and Women's Political Representation

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Childs Sarah ◽  
Lena Krook Mona
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Female Legislators ◽  
The Relationship

In studies of women's legislative behaviour, the concept of critical mass is widely used and, more recently, criticised as a tool for understanding the relationship between the percentage of female legislators and the passage of legislation beneficial to women as a group. In this research note, we revisit classic contributions by Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Drude Dahlerup and outline and discuss their assumptions regarding anticipated connections between numbers and outcomes. We find that later gender and politics scholars have often misconstrued their work, with crucial implications for subsequent research on relations between the descriptive and substantive representation of women. We argue that clarifying the theoretical origins of the critical mass concept is crucial for forging a more coherent and cumulative research agenda on women's political representation.

scholarly journals Does Religion Suppress Gender Differences in Values? A Cross-National Examination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

Women are typically more liberal than men. But on some issues related to “traditional moral values”—including sexuality and the beginning and end of life—women are just as if not more conservative than men. This study examines the role of religion in complicating the relationship between gender and values cross-nationally, with particular attention to variation across religious groups and contexts. Using data from a diverse set of 56 countries in the World Values Survey (N=85,181), I find that religiousness suppresses what would otherwise be larger and more consistent gender differences in values among Christians. Among most other groups, including Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Taoists, and Muslims in non-Muslim contexts, religiousness does not greatly alter gender differences in values. However, among Muslims in Muslim-majority contexts—where men tend to be more religious than women—religiousness amplifies what would otherwise be smaller gender differences in values. Accordingly, gender differences in values tend to be larger among Muslims than Christians. I conclude that religions are complex and powerful social structures with heterogeneous social consequences.

Religion and the Military

2018 ◽  
pp. 535-552
Author(s):  
Leana A. Bouffard ◽  
Haerim Jin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Offending Patterns ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the literature examining the role of religion and military service in the desistance process. It also identifies outstanding issues and directions for future research. It first presents an overview of research examining the role of religion in desistance and highlights measurement issues, potential intervening mechanisms, and a consideration of faith-based programs as criminal justice policy. Next, this chapter covers the relationship between military service and offending patterns, including period effects that explain variation in the relationship, selection effects, and the incorporation of military factors in criminal justice policy and programming. The chapter concludes by highlighting general conclusions from these two bodies of research and questions to be considered in future research.

scholarly journals Do Women Need Women Representatives?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Campbell ◽  
Sarah Childs ◽  
Joni Lovenduski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Mass Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mass Level

This article analyses the relationship between the representatives and the represented by comparing elite and mass attitudes to gender equality and women’s representation in Britain. In so doing, the authors take up arguments in the recent theoretical literature on representation that question the value of empirical research of Pitkin’s distinction between substantive and descriptive representation. They argue that if men and women have different attitudes at the mass level, which are reproduced amongst political elites, then the numerical under-representation of women may have negative implications for women’s substantive representation. The analysis is conducted on the British Election Study (BES) and the British Representation Study (BRS) series.

scholarly journals Key Theoretical Issues in the Interaction of Law and Religion: A Guide for the Perplexed

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1, 2 & 3) ◽  
pp. 2011
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Religious Difference ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religion In Public Life ◽  
Theoretical Issues

There is perhaps no more important access point into the key issues of modern political and legal theory than the questions raised by the interaction of law and religion in contemporary constitutional democracies. Of course, much classical political and moral theory was forged on the issue of the relationship between religious difference and state authority. John Locke’s work was directly influenced by this issue, writing as he did about the just configuration of state authority and moral difference in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War. Yet debates about the appropriate role of religion in public life and the challenges posed by religious difference also cut an important figure, in a variety of ways, in the writings of Hobbes, Rousseau, Spinoza, Hegel, and much of the work that we now view as being at the centre of the development of modern political philosophy.

The Inclusion of CIOs in Top Management Teams

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhong Luo
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Top Management Teams ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Firm Diversification ◽  
Upper Echelons Theory ◽  
Role Of It ◽  
The Relationship

The inclusion of the CIO in the top management team (TMT) is one indicator of how top executives view the role of IT within their firms. This study draws upon the upper echelons theory to examine the organizational factors contributing to the CIO inclusion. A panel data set is used to empirically test the hypotheses. The results show that TMT age and firm diversification are found to be linked to the CIO inclusion. The study contributes to an understanding of the relationship between the CIO and TMT and provides a potential measure of IT importance within firms.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of the need for independence

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-119
Author(s):  
Victor Osadolor ◽  
◽  
Kalu Emmanuel Agbaeze ◽  
Ejikeme Emmanuel Isichei ◽  
Samuel Taiwo Olabosinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Behavioral Reasoning Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Behavioral Reasoning

PURPOSE: The paper focuses on assessing the direct effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention and the indirect effect of the need for independence on the relationship between the constructs. Despite increased efforts towards steering the interest of young graduates towards entrepreneurial venture, the response rate has been rather unimpressive and discouraging, thus demanding the need to account for what factors could drive intention towards venture ownership among graduates in Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative approach was adopted and a data set from 235 graduates was used for the study. The data was analyzed using the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM). FINDINGS: It was found that self-efficacy does not significantly affect intention. It was also found that the need for independence affects entrepreneurial intention. The study found that the need for independence fully mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This paper provides new insight into the behavioral reasoning theory, through its application in explaining the cognitive role of the need for independence in decision-making, using samples from a developing economy. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The study advances a new perspective on the underlining factors that account for an entrepreneur’s intent to start a business venture, most especially among young graduates in Nigeria, through the lens of the behavioral reasoning theory. We further support the application of the theory in entrepreneurship literature, given the paucity of studies that have adopted the theory despite its relevance.

scholarly journals AGAMA DAN MAGI BAGI KYAI DAN JAWARA

ALQALAM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
M.A. TIHAMI
Keyword(s):  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

This article tries to discuss the function and the role of religion and magic for kyai ('ulama') and Jawara (local strongmen) in Pasanggrahan, Pabuaran, Serang Banten where this research was conducted. It also tries to describe the meaning and functions of religion and magic for Pasanggrahan society. In this village, kyai, who obtain legitimation from religion (Islam) by his authority to lead religious ceremonies and to interpret religious doctrines, gains many opportunities to play a role in magical sciences derived from the religion; indeed, to upgrade them. It happens because in Islam there are magical elements which are inseparable from religion. Therefore, jawara obtains magic from kyai to meet their practical needs. Based on this relationship, it shows that magic is functionally needed by both of leaders (kyai and jawara) functioned to maintain their leadership. Moreover, each leader needs the perpetuation of the relationship by maintaining solidarity of the society through performing magic. Hence, it seems that the leadership of kyai and jawara in Pasanggrahan is in the networks of religion and magic. Keywords: kyai,jawara, tradisional leadership, magic Banten

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