scholarly journals The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Kopp ◽  
Florian Lange ◽  
Alexander Steinke
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents the gold standard for the neuropsychological assessment of executive function. However, very little is known about its reliability. In the current study, 146 neurological inpatients received the Modified WCST (M-WCST). Four basic measures (number of correct sorts, categories, perseverative errors, set-loss errors) and their composites were evaluated for split-half reliability. The reliability estimates of the number of correct sorts, categories, and perseverative errors fell into the desirable range ( rel ≥ .90). The study therefore disclosed sufficiently reliable M-WCST measures, fostering the application of this eminent psychological test to neuropsychological assessment. Our data also revealed that the M-WCST possesses substantially better psychometric properties than would be expected from previous studies of WCST test-retest reliabilities obtained from non-patient samples. Our study of split-half reliabilities from discretionary construed and from randomly built M-WCST splits exemplifies a novel approach to the psychometric foundation of neuropsychology.

scholarly journals The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Split-Half Reliability Estimates for a Self-Administered Computerized Variant

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Alexander Steinke ◽  
Bruno Kopp ◽  
Florian Lange
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Computerized Assessment ◽  
Digital Assessment ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Self-administered computerized assessment has the potential to increase the reach of neuropsychological assessment. The present study reports the first split-half reliability estimates for a self-administered computerized variant of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which is considered as a gold standard for the neuropsychological assessment of executive functions. We analyzed data from a large sample of young volunteers (N = 375). Split-half reliability estimates for perseveration errors, set-loss errors, and inference errors were all above 0.90. Split-half reliability estimates for response time measures on switch and repeat trials exceeded 0.95. Our results indicated sufficient split-half reliability for a self-administered computerized WCST, paving the way for an advanced digital assessment of executive functions. We discuss potential effects of test formats, administration variants, and sample characteristics on split-half reliability.

Dopaminergic Genes Polymorphisms and Prefrontal Cortex Efficiency Among Obese People - Whether Gender is a Differentiating Factor?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
Maciej Bieliński ◽  
Natalia Lesiewska ◽  
Roman Junik ◽  
Anna Kamińska ◽  
Andrzej Tretyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Background:Obesity is a chronic condition associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a useful tool for evaluating executive functions. In this study, we assessed the association between dopaminergic gene polymorphisms: DAT1 (SLC6A3), COMTVal158Met, DRD4 (48-bp variable number of tandem repeats - VNTR) and WCST parameters to investigate the functions of the frontal lobes in obese individuals.Objective:To find the significant correlations between polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met, DRD4 and executive functions in obese subjects.Methods:The analysis of the frequency of individual alleles was performed in 248 obese patients (179 women, 69 men). Evaluation of the prefrontal cortex function (operating memory and executive functions) was measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Separate analyzes were performed in age subgroups to determine different activities and regulation of genes in younger and older participants.Results:Scores of WCST parameters were different in the subgroups of women and men and in the age subgroups. Regarding the COMT gene, patients with A/A and G/A polymorphisms showed significantly better WCST results in WCST_P, WCST_CC and WCST_1st. Regarding DAT1 men with L/L and L/S made less non-perseverative errors, which was statistically significant. In DRD4, significantly better WCST_1st results were found only in older women with S allele.Conclusion:Obtained results indicate the involvement of dopaminergic transmission in the regulation of prefrontal cortex function. Data analysis indicates that prefrontal cortex function may ensue, from different elements such as genetic factors, metabolic aspects of obesity, and hormonal activity (estrogen).

Characteristics of Perseverative Errors by School-Age Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Sato ◽  
Toru Hosokawa ◽  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Norio Murai
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

The present study was designed to investigate characteristics by 38 school-age children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 of perseverative errors using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Children's performance was measured as number of categories completed and perseverative errors, which were classified into perseverative errors of types described by Milner in 1963 and Nelson in 1976. Analysis indicated that the number of completed categories increased and perseverative errors decreased across age groups. Perseverative errors (Milner) were very similar in these grades and perseverative errors (Nelson) were significantly different between children in Grades 2 and 4. The results suggested a pattern of development for shifting inhibiting set.

Perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and brain perfusion imaging in mild Alzheimer's disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1552-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seishi Terada ◽  
Shuhei Sato ◽  
Hajime Honda ◽  
Yuki Kishimoto ◽  
Naoya Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Brain Perfusion Imaging ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

ABSTRACTBackground: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has long been used to investigate deficits in executive function in humans. The majority of studies investigating deficient WCST performance focused on the number of categories achieved (CA) and the number of perseverative errors of the Nelson type (PEN). However, there is insufficient evidence that these two measures reflect the same neural deficits.Methods: Twenty AD patients with high PEN scores, and 20 age- and sex-matched AD patients with low PEN scores were selected. All 40 subjects underwent brain SPECT, and the SPECT images were analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results: No significant differences were found between high and low PEN score groups with respect to years of education, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, higher z scores for hypoperfusion in the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri were observed in the high PEN score group compared with the low PEN score group.Conclusions: Our results suggest that functional activity of the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri is closely related to PEN scores on a modified WCST (mWCST). The PEN score on a mWCST might be a promising index of dysfunction of the orbitofrontal area among patients with mild AD.

scholarly journals Executive Dysfunction in Non-Psychotic Unipolar Depressed Patients: Assessement by the Wisconsin (Berg) Card Sorting Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Moniz ◽  
Saul Neves De Jesus ◽  
João Viseu ◽  
Eduardo Gonçalves ◽  
Susana Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Depressive Patients

<p>Introduction: Alterations in executive functioning are frequent in depressed subjects, being the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) one of the most utilized instruments to assess it, even though, when individually compared, this test’s items did not show consistency.</p><p>Method: This study aimed to compare the performance of a group comprising 36 non-psychotic unipolar depressed patients (23 women and 13 men, with a mean age of 44.28 years old [<em>SD</em> = 14.78]) with 36 healthy controls (22 women and 14 men, with a mean age of 42.22 years old [<em>SD</em> = 15.19]) in a computerized version of WCST.</p><p>Results: We found significant differences between depressed patients and healthy controls regarding number of categories, perseverative responses, perseverative errors, non-perseverative errors, percentage of conceptual level responses and failure to maintain set, clearly influenced by the variable age, which showed a shared variance between 17% and 33% in depressive patients’ performance and between 16% and 26% in healthy controls’ performance.</p><p>Conclusions: Results allowed us to identify differences in performance between the two groups, therefore this version of the WCST revealed itself a reliable alternative to assess Executive Functions (EFs), accessible to all clinicians.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Typical performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer disease on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Humberto Silva-Filho ◽  
Sonia Regina Pasian ◽  
Francisco de Assis Carvalho do Vale
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Abstract The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological assessment tool designed to assess executive functions, frequently used in cases of cognitive disorders. However, Brazilian neuroscientific settings lack standardization studies of psychological assessment instruments, especially in the neuropsychological area. Thus, the assessment of clinical groups including dementias and particularly Alzheimer´s disease (AD) patients, may be compromised by the lack of analytical references. Objective: To characterize the performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer´s disease on the WCST, aiming at establishing preliminary evaluative norms. Method: Thirty-six elderly patients (mean age of 75.8 years) with mild AD from a teaching hospital were assessed using the printed form of the WCST. Results: The elderly patients with AD had impaired performance on the various WCST technical indicators, highlighting cognitive deficit with traces of stereotyped behavior and failures in working memory, conceptualization and learning. The results allowed preliminary norms to be defined for elderly AD patients on the various WCST indicators, grading their performance in eight diagnostic areas and yielding the identification of different levels of impairment of executive functions in these elderly patients. Conclusions: The results demonstrated specific aspects of performance on the WCST by elderly people with AD, highlighting the effect of the disease on cognitive performance and executive functioning. Those normative references, although preliminary make a significant contribution to the neuropsychological assessment of AD patients in the Brazilian context, within the informative scope of the WCST.

scholarly journals Discrete Roles for Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Gambling Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Mestre-Bach ◽  
Trevor Steward ◽  
Iris M. Balodis ◽  
Elise E. DeVito ◽  
Sarah W. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
South Oaks Gambling Screen ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Background and Objective: Complex associations between gambling disorder (GD) and impulsivity have been identified. However, little is known regarding how compulsivity associates with different impulsivity domains in GD. In this study, we examined associations between self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity–assessed through the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT), respectively- and compulsivity-measured using the Padua Inventory and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), respectively-, in an adult sample with GD (N = 132, 94 men and 38 women, ages ranging from 18 to 69 years). GD severity was assessed using the South Oaks Gambling Screen.Methods: Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine relationships between impulsivity and compulsivity measures, age, and GD severity.Results: BIS-11 non-planning and BIS-11 total scores positively correlated with GD severity. The standardized coefficients for the SEM showed direct positive contributions of BIS-11 non-planning, Padua and EDT scores to GD severity. Only participants' ages directly contributed to WCST perseverative errors, and no direct or indirect effects were found with respect to GD severity.Conclusion: The findings suggest that specific aspects of impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to GD severity. Interventions specifically targeting domains that are most relevant to GD severity may improve treatment outcomes.

scholarly journals Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281-1281
Author(s):  
D Yassai-Gonzalez ◽  
M J Marquine ◽  
A Perez-Tejada ◽  
A Umlauf ◽  
L Kamalyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
The Us ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T &lt; 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.

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