Discrete Roles for Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Gambling Disorder

Background and Objective: Complex associations between gambling disorder (GD) and impulsivity have been identified. However, little is known regarding how compulsivity associates with different impulsivity domains in GD. In this study, we examined associations between self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity–assessed through the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT), respectively- and compulsivity-measured using the Padua Inventory and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), respectively-, in an adult sample with GD (N = 132, 94 men and 38 women, ages ranging from 18 to 69 years). GD severity was assessed using the South Oaks Gambling Screen.Methods: Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine relationships between impulsivity and compulsivity measures, age, and GD severity.Results: BIS-11 non-planning and BIS-11 total scores positively correlated with GD severity. The standardized coefficients for the SEM showed direct positive contributions of BIS-11 non-planning, Padua and EDT scores to GD severity. Only participants' ages directly contributed to WCST perseverative errors, and no direct or indirect effects were found with respect to GD severity.Conclusion: The findings suggest that specific aspects of impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to GD severity. Interventions specifically targeting domains that are most relevant to GD severity may improve treatment outcomes.

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Dopaminergic Genes Polymorphisms and Prefrontal Cortex Efficiency Among Obese People - Whether Gender is a Differentiating Factor?

Current Molecular Medicine ◽

10.2174/1566524019666190424143653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 405-418

Author(s):

Maciej Bieliński ◽

Natalia Lesiewska ◽

Roman Junik ◽

Anna Kamińska ◽

Andrzej Tretyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Tandem Repeats ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Variable Number ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Obese People ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

Background:Obesity is a chronic condition associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a useful tool for evaluating executive functions. In this study, we assessed the association between dopaminergic gene polymorphisms: DAT1 (SLC6A3), COMTVal158Met, DRD4 (48-bp variable number of tandem repeats - VNTR) and WCST parameters to investigate the functions of the frontal lobes in obese individuals.Objective:To find the significant correlations between polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met, DRD4 and executive functions in obese subjects.Methods:The analysis of the frequency of individual alleles was performed in 248 obese patients (179 women, 69 men). Evaluation of the prefrontal cortex function (operating memory and executive functions) was measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Separate analyzes were performed in age subgroups to determine different activities and regulation of genes in younger and older participants.Results:Scores of WCST parameters were different in the subgroups of women and men and in the age subgroups. Regarding the COMT gene, patients with A/A and G/A polymorphisms showed significantly better WCST results in WCST_P, WCST_CC and WCST_1st. Regarding DAT1 men with L/L and L/S made less non-perseverative errors, which was statistically significant. In DRD4, significantly better WCST_1st results were found only in older women with S allele.Conclusion:Obtained results indicate the involvement of dopaminergic transmission in the regulation of prefrontal cortex function. Data analysis indicates that prefrontal cortex function may ensue, from different elements such as genetic factors, metabolic aspects of obesity, and hormonal activity (estrogen).

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Characteristics of Perseverative Errors by School-Age Children

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.1075 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 1075-1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryuji Sato ◽

Toru Hosokawa ◽

Atsushi Tanaka ◽

Norio Murai

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

The present study was designed to investigate characteristics by 38 school-age children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 of perseverative errors using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Children's performance was measured as number of categories completed and perseverative errors, which were classified into perseverative errors of types described by Milner in 1963 and Nelson in 1976. Analysis indicated that the number of completed categories increased and perseverative errors decreased across age groups. Perseverative errors (Milner) were very similar in these grades and perseverative errors (Nelson) were significantly different between children in Grades 2 and 4. The results suggested a pattern of development for shifting inhibiting set.

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Perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and brain perfusion imaging in mild Alzheimer's disease

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610211001463 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 1552-1559 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Seishi Terada ◽

Shuhei Sato ◽

Hajime Honda ◽

Yuki Kishimoto ◽

Naoya Takeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽

Brain Perfusion ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Brain Perfusion Imaging ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Z Scores ◽

Two Measures ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

ABSTRACTBackground: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has long been used to investigate deficits in executive function in humans. The majority of studies investigating deficient WCST performance focused on the number of categories achieved (CA) and the number of perseverative errors of the Nelson type (PEN). However, there is insufficient evidence that these two measures reflect the same neural deficits.Methods: Twenty AD patients with high PEN scores, and 20 age- and sex-matched AD patients with low PEN scores were selected. All 40 subjects underwent brain SPECT, and the SPECT images were analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results: No significant differences were found between high and low PEN score groups with respect to years of education, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, higher z scores for hypoperfusion in the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri were observed in the high PEN score group compared with the low PEN score group.Conclusions: Our results suggest that functional activity of the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri is closely related to PEN scores on a modified WCST (mWCST). The PEN score on a mWCST might be a promising index of dysfunction of the orbitofrontal area among patients with mild AD.

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Do schizophrenia patients make more perseverative than non-perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? A meta-analytic study

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2004.06.016 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (2) ◽

pp. 179-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Chiang-Shan Ray Li

Keyword(s):

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Analytic Study ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

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Executive Dysfunction in Non-Psychotic Unipolar Depressed Patients: Assessement by the Wisconsin (Berg) Card Sorting Test

International Journal of Psychological Studies ◽

10.5539/ijps.v8n1p112 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marco Moniz ◽

Saul Neves De Jesus ◽

João Viseu ◽

Eduardo Gonçalves ◽

Susana Moreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Dysfunction ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Conceptual Level ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test ◽

Depressive Patients

Introduction: Alterations in executive functioning are frequent in depressed subjects, being the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) one of the most utilized instruments to assess it, even though, when individually compared, this test’s items did not show consistency.Method: This study aimed to compare the performance of a group comprising 36 non-psychotic unipolar depressed patients (23 women and 13 men, with a mean age of 44.28 years old [SD = 14.78]) with 36 healthy controls (22 women and 14 men, with a mean age of 42.22 years old [SD = 15.19]) in a computerized version of WCST.Results: We found significant differences between depressed patients and healthy controls regarding number of categories, perseverative responses, perseverative errors, non-perseverative errors, percentage of conceptual level responses and failure to maintain set, clearly influenced by the variable age, which showed a shared variance between 17% and 33% in depressive patients’ performance and between 16% and 26% in healthy controls’ performance.Conclusions: Results allowed us to identify differences in performance between the two groups, therefore this version of the WCST revealed itself a reliable alternative to assess Executive Functions (EFs), accessible to all clinicians.

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The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191119866257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 248-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bruno Kopp ◽

Florian Lange ◽

Alexander Steinke

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Neuropsychological Assessment ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Reliability Estimates ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents the gold standard for the neuropsychological assessment of executive function. However, very little is known about its reliability. In the current study, 146 neurological inpatients received the Modified WCST (M-WCST). Four basic measures (number of correct sorts, categories, perseverative errors, set-loss errors) and their composites were evaluated for split-half reliability. The reliability estimates of the number of correct sorts, categories, and perseverative errors fell into the desirable range ( rel ≥ .90). The study therefore disclosed sufficiently reliable M-WCST measures, fostering the application of this eminent psychological test to neuropsychological assessment. Our data also revealed that the M-WCST possesses substantially better psychometric properties than would be expected from previous studies of WCST test-retest reliabilities obtained from non-patient samples. Our study of split-half reliabilities from discretionary construed and from randomly built M-WCST splits exemplifies a novel approach to the psychometric foundation of neuropsychology.

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Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acz029.48 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 1281-1281

Author(s):

D Yassai-Gonzalez ◽

M J Marquine ◽

A Perez-Tejada ◽

A Umlauf ◽

L Kamalyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normative Data ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

Border Region ◽

Card Sorting ◽

The Us ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Mexico Border ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.

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The relationship between cognitive function and clinical and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291708003620 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

A. Withall ◽

L. M. Harris ◽

S. R. Cumming

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

BackgroundAlthough cognitive variables have been shown to be useful in predicting outcomes in late-life depression, there has not yet been a comprehensive study in younger persons with depression.MethodThe clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of participants were evaluated at admission to one of two university teaching hospitals and again at 3 months after remission and discharge. A total of 52 participants with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder, aged between 20 and 60 years and with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ⩾17 entered the study. The sample for this paper comprises the 48 subjects (mean age 37.9 years, s.d.=10.7) who received admission and follow-up assessments; an attrition rate of 7.7%.ResultsMore perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted a worse clinical outcome at follow-up. Poor event-based prospective memory and more perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted worse social and occupational outcome at follow-up.ConclusionsThese results suggest that a brief cognitive screen at hospital admission, focusing on executive function, would have a useful prognostic value in depression. Determining early predictors of individuals at risk of poorer outcomes is important for identifying those who may need altered or additional treatment approaches.

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