2021 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Collection and Administration of Blood and Blood Products in Cats

Practical relevance: Blood and blood products are increasingly available for practitioners to use in the management of haematological conditions, and can be lifesaving and therapeutically useful for patients with anaemia and/or coagulopathies. It is important for feline healthcare that donors are selected appropriately, and transfusions of blood or blood products are given to recipients that will benefit from them. Complications can occur, but can be largely avoided with careful donor management and recipient selection, understanding of blood type compatibility, and transfusion monitoring. Clinical challenges: Feline blood transfusion, while potentially a lifesaving procedure, can also be detrimental to donor and recipient without precautions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to red cell antigens and severe reactions can occur with type-mismatched transfusions. Blood transfusions can also transmit infectious agents to the recipient, so donor testing is essential. Finally, donors must be in good health, and sedated as appropriate, with blood collected in a safe and sterile fashion to optimise the benefit to recipients. Transfusion reactions are possible and can be mild to severe in nature. Autologous blood transfusions and xenotransfusions may be considered in certain situations. Evidence base: These Guidelines have been created by a panel of authors convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), based on available literature. They are aimed at general practitioners to provide a practical guide to blood typing, cross-matching, and blood collection and administration.

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Feline transfusion practice in South Africa : current status and practical solutions : continuing education

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v70i3.775 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Dippenaar

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Transfusion Practice ◽

Blood Type ◽

Current Status ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Transfusion Rate ◽

Transfusion Therapy ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Disease Free

Blood transfusion therapy is often under-utilised in feline practice in South Africa. However, it is a technique that can be safely and effectively introduced in practice. Cats have naturally occurring allo-antibodies against the blood type that they lack, which makes blood typing, or alternatively cross-matching, essential before transfusions. Feline blood donors must be carefully selected, be disease free and should be sedated before blood collection. The preferred anticoagulant for feline blood collection is citrate-phosphatedextrose-adenine. Blood can either be administered intravenously or into the medullary cavity, with the transfusion rate depending on the cat's hydration status and cardiac function. Transfusion reactions can be immediate or delayed and they are classified as immunological or non-immunological. Indications, methods and techniques to do feline blood transfusions in a safe and economical way are highlighted.

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Effectiveness of intra-articular therapies in osteoarthritis: a literature review

Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease ◽

10.1177/1759720x17712695 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 183-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Peter Wehling ◽

Christopher Evans ◽

Jana Wehling ◽

William Maixner

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Autologous Blood ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Evidence Base ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Blood Products ◽

Autologous Conditioned Serum ◽

Health And Social Care ◽

Care Systems

Osteoarthritis is a painful, chronic disease with widespread burden on patients, communities, health and social care systems. Conservative therapies, such as nonpharmacological interventions, systemic drug treatment and intra-articular therapies are used before resorting to surgery; nonetheless, disease control often remains inadequate. Recent advances in osteoarthritis management have aimed to provide greater variety of treatment options. Here, we summarize a targeted literature review evaluating efficacy and safety of intra-articular therapies for osteoarthritis. Injections of intra-articular therapies directly into the joint avoid conventional barriers to joint entry, increase bioavailability and lower systemic toxicity. Intra-articular corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid are established United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)/European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved treatments; however, concerns exist regarding effect duration, safety, effectiveness across populations and heterogeneity. Newer therapies, such as autologous blood products and mesenchymal stem cells, are in development. Benefits of autologous blood products (e.g. platelet-rich plasma, autologous conditioned serum) include an expected improved safety profile and direct targeting of osteoarthritis-related pathophysiology. Autologous conditioned serum is cell-free and manufactured by a standardized process, whereas platelet-rich plasma composition and characteristics can vary. Currently, only limited efficacy comparisons between these biological treatments can be drawn; long-term clinical and safety studies are needed to increase the efficacy evidence base and earn consideration in treatment frameworks.

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CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFUSION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WHICH USES AN AUTOMATIC BLOOD TYPE CONFIRMATION SYTEM OF THE BLOOD PRODUCTS AND SATISFIES THE CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTED ELECTRONIC CROSS-MATCHING

Japanese Journal of Transfusion and Cell Therapy ◽

10.3925/jjtc.56.52 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Naoki Ohtomo ◽

Yuki Tsuchiya ◽

Yukiko Oishi ◽

Keiko Aikawa ◽

Michiko Kajiwara

Keyword(s):

Management System ◽

Blood Type ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Blood Products ◽

Cross Matching

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Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction - A Case Report

CODS Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.5005/cods-4-2-15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

Rajay A. D. Kamath ◽

Kiran V. Neswi ◽

Shiva Bharani K.S.N. ◽

M.A. Giri Sankar

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Transfusions ◽

Transfusion Reaction ◽

Blood Products ◽

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction ◽

Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction ◽

Cross Matching ◽

Hematological Tests

Abstract Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infection. Acute hemolytic reactions occur with transfusion of red blood cells and are due to destruction of donor erythrocytes by preformed recipient antibodies. Most often this occurs due to clerical” errors or improper typing and cross matching. Delayed hemolytic reactions occur more frequently and are due to the same mechanism as in acute hemolytic reactions. However, the consequences are generally mild and a great proportion of patients may not have symptoms. However, evidence of hemolysis and falling hemoglobin levels may still occur. Treatment is generally not needed, but due to the presence of recipient antibodies, future compatibility may be affected. Hereby we share our experience of such a case of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction and discussing the various measures to be taken during any such incidence and the biochemical and hematological tests to confirm the diagnosis.

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Alloimmunisation in transfused patients: serial cross-matching in a population of hospitalised cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x16688574 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 1231-1237 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Layla Hourani ◽

Christiane Weingart ◽

Barbara Kohn

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Blood Type ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Blood Transfusions ◽

Transfusion Reaction ◽

Type B ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Compatible Blood ◽

Cross Matching ◽

Cross Match

Objectives Cross-matching is currently recommended as part of pre-transfusion testing for repeat transfusions in cats 4 days after having received an initial transfusion. This prospective study determined when and if cats developed positive cross-match (CM) results after having been transfused with AB-compatible blood. Methods Donors were selected according to standard transfusion safety protocols. Twenty-one hospitalised anaemic recipients (blood type A: n = 20; blood type B: n = 1) received 1–4 (median 2) whole blood transfusions (WBTs) over 1–6 days (median 2) in 33 transfusion instances. The tube CM method, including major, minor and recipient control, was employed. Macroscopic and microscopic agglutination reactions were evaluated according to a predetermined scale. CM tests with a positive recipient control could not be evaluated. Results No signs of an acute transfusion reaction were observed. A total of 63 CMs were performed. In one cat with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia the CM could not be evaluated (positive recipient control). The minor CM was negative in all cases. Fifteen of 20 cats had a negative major CM (MCM) 1–12 days (median 5) after their first transfusion. A positive MCM was observed in five cases after 2–10 days (median 5) post-first WBT. These five cats had received a total of 1–4 (median 2) WBTs. Cats with a negative MCM had received 1–3 (median 2) WBTs. In 51.5% (17/33) of transfusion instances, the cat’s haematocrit increased as expected, with cats with a positive MCM at 40% (4/10) vs 56.5% (13/23) if MCM was negative. Conclusions and relevance Twenty-five percent (5/20) of the feline recipients likely developed alloantibodies against erythrocyte antigens outside of the AB system as early as 2 days post-first WBT. This adds data to the recommendation to include cross-matching in pre-transfusion screening tests.

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Autologous Blood Transfusion in Surgical Outreach Camp

Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jsan.v2i1.13555 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 28-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Apurb Sharma ◽

Balkrishna Bhattarai

Keyword(s):

Autologous Blood ◽

Surgical Care ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Autologous Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Products ◽

Pelvic Floor Repair ◽

Allogenic Blood ◽

Poor Access ◽

Acute Normovolaemic Haemodilution ◽

Donated Blood

Poor access to healthcare including surgical care is one of the known problems faced by people living in the remote terrains of Nepal. Reaching to the community with the help of health camps has been exercised for many years in Nepal. However, surgery in such camps is often hindered by many obstacles including unavailability of blood products, lack of or poor storage facility for donated blood. Surgery often needs to be deferred in otherwise healthy patients with rare blood groups. Autologous blood collection with acute normovolaemic haemodilution is one of the blood sparing techniques used in cases where it is difficult to get matched blood or when allogenic blood cannot be used. We report a case of autologous blood collection and subsequent transfusion in a patient undergoing vaginal hysterectomy and pelvic floor repair performed at a surgical outreach camp organized in a remote district of Nepal.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015; 2(1): 28-30

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Management of Intraoperative Fluid Balance and Blood Conservation Techniques in Adult Cardiac Surgery

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf98.2010111 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 28 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

George Vretzakis ◽

Athina Kleitsaki ◽

Diamanto Aretha ◽

Menelaos Karanikolas

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Fluid Balance ◽

Blood Product ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Autologous Blood ◽

Small Body ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Blood Transfusions ◽

Blood Conservation

Blood transfusions are associated with adverse physiologic effects and increased cost, and therefore reduction of blood product use during surgery is a desirable goal for all patients. Cardiac surgery is a major consumer of donor blood products, especially when cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is used, because hematocrit drops precipitously during CPB due to blood loss and blood cell dilution. Advanced age, low preoperative red blood cell volume (preoperative anemia or small body size), preoperative antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs, complex or re-operative procedures or emergency operations, and patient comorbidities were identified as important transfusion risk indicators in a report recently published by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. This report also identified several pre- and intraoperative interventions that may help reduce blood transfusions, including off-pump procedures, preoperative autologous blood donation, normovolemic hemodilution, and routine cell saver use.A multimodal approach to blood conservation, with highrisk patients receiving all available interventions, may help preserve vital organ perfusion and reduce blood product utilization. In addition, because positive intravenous fluid balance is a significant factor affecting hemodilution during cardiac surgery, especially when CPB is used, strategies aimed at limiting intraoperative fluid balance positiveness may also lead to reduced blood product utilization.This review discusses currently available techniques that can be used intraoperatively in an attempt to avoid or minimize fluid balance positiveness, to preserve the patient's own red blood cells, and to decrease blood product utilization during cardiac surgery.

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Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1333

Author(s):

Hidde P. van Steenwijk ◽

Aalt Bast ◽

Alie de Boer

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Good Health ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Health Claims ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Current Status ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Beta Glucans ◽

And Function

The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition.

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