Narrative Review of Sensory Changes as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 109980042094717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Romano ◽  
Michael A. Carter ◽  
Todd B. Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Evidenced Based

Early recognition of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the prodromal period has not been robust yet will be necessary if effective disease-modifying drugs are to be useful in preventing or delaying the condition. The objective of this narrative review was to describe the current, evidenced based understanding of alterations in sensory data as potential biomarkers for AD. Review of empirical studies that tested senses as biomarkers for AD and were published in English within the past 50 years was completed. Eighteen empirical studies were identified that met the strict criteria for inclusion, with 12 of these studies being related to the olfactory system. Two studies examined auditory, two examined vision, one examined proprioception, and one examined taste. Thus, only olfaction has been studied to any extent, leaving a clear gap in the literature for the use of other senses. A promising area of research has begun to be reported concerning differences in responses to pain stimuli in AD relative to cognitively normal subjects. Pain is not a single sense like the others but integrates several senses and may allow for use as an early biomarker for AD, as it integrates several brain areas and pathways. Unlike the other senses, simple devices can be used to measure changes in pain perception in cognitively normal adults with genetic predispositions for possible AD, making this potentially useful for clinicians in the future.

Mild cognitive impairment in primary care: a clinical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (1117) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Assaf ◽  
Maria Tanielian
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Review ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Evidenced Based

Dementia is projected to become a global health priority but often not diagnosed in its earlier preclinical stage which is mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is generally referred as a transition state between normal cognition and Alzheimer’s disease. Primary care physicians play an important role in its early diagnosis and identification of patients most likely to progress to Alzheimer’s disease while offering evidenced-based interventions that may reverse or halt the progression to further cognitive impairment. The aim of this review is to introduce the concept of MCI in primary care through a case-based clinical review. We discuss the case of a patient with MCI and provide an evidence-based framework for assessment, early recognition and management of MCI while addressing associated risk factors, neuropsychiatric symptoms and prognosis.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarker in cognitively normal subjects

Brain ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 2701-2715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon B. Toledo ◽  
Henrik Zetterberg ◽  
Argonde C. van Harten ◽  
Lidia Glodzik ◽  
Pablo Martinez-Lage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Cognitively Normal Subjects ◽  
Fluid Biomarker

Hyperconnectivity of Self-Referential Network as a Predictive Biomarker of the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-590
Author(s):  
Weina Yao ◽  
Haifeng Chen ◽  
Caimei Luo ◽  
Xiaoning Sheng ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Pathological Characteristics ◽  
Csf Proteins ◽  
Cognitively Normal Subjects ◽  
T Tau ◽  
Early Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Self-referential processing is associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins have become accepted biomarkers of AD. Objective: Our objective in this study was to focus on the relationships between the self-referential network (SRN) and CSF pathology in AD-spectrum patients. Methods: A total of 80 participants, including 20 cognitively normal, 20 early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), 20 late MCI (LMCI), and 20 AD, were recruited for this study. Independent component analysis was used to explore the topological SRN patterns, and the abnormalities of this network were identified at different stages of AD. Finally, CSF pathological characteristics (i.e., CSF Aβ, t-tau, and p-tau) that affected the abnormalities of the SRN were further determined during the progression of AD. Results: Compared to cognitively normal subjects, AD-spectrum patients (i.e., EMCI, LMCI, and AD) showed a reversing trend toward an association between CSF pathological markers and the abnormal SRN occurring during the progression of AD. However, a certain disease state (i.e., the present LMCI) with a low concentration of CSF tau could evoke more hyperconnectivity of the SRN than other patients with progressively increasing concentrations of CSF tau (i.e., EMCI and AD), and this fluctuation of CSF tau was more sensitive to the hyperconnectivity of the SRN than the dynamic changes of CSF Aβ. Conclusion: The integrity of the SRN was closely associated with CSF pathological characteristics, and these findings support the view that the hyperconnectivity of the SRN will play an important role in monitoring the progression of the pre-dementia state to AD.

scholarly journals Serum Amyloid Biomarkers, Tau Protein and YKL-40 Utility in Detection, Differential Diagnosing, and Monitoring of Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Wilczyńska ◽  
Mateusz Maciejczyk ◽  
Anna Zalewska ◽  
Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Diagnostic Utility ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Ad Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Cognitively Normal Subjects ◽  
T Tau

Introduction: The diagnosis and treatment of dementia is one of the greatest challenges in contemporary health care. The widespread use of dementia biomarkers would improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the economic costs of the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of proteins related to the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis—amyloid beta isoform (Aβ) and total tau protein (t-tau), as well as the quite recently discovered marker YKL-40 in the most common types of dementia.Methods: 60 dementia (AD—Alzheimer's disease, VaD—vascular dementia, MxD—mixed dementia) and 20 cognitively normal subjects over 60 years old were examined. Subjects with dementia of etiology different than AD or VaD and with neoplastic or chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded. Concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, and YKL-40 were measured in serum using ELISA kits on admission and after 4 weeks of inpatient treatment. ANOVA and Tukey's test or Dunn's test were used to perform comparison tests between groups. Correlations were measured using Pearson's coefficient. Biomarker diagnostic utility was assessed with ROC analysis.Results: YKL-40 differentiates between cognitively normal and mild dementia patients with 85% sensitivity and specificity and t-tau with 72% sensitivity and 70% specificity. YKL-40 and t-tau concentrations correlate with each other and with the severity of clinically observed cognitive decline.Conclusions: YKL-40 is a sensitive and specific biomarker of early dementia and, to a lesser extent, of dementia progression, however, many comorbidities may influence its levels. In such conditions, less specific but still reliable t-tau may serve as an alternative marker. Obtained results did not confirm the diagnostic utility of amyloid biomarkers.

scholarly journals P1-350: HIPPOCAMPAL INTRINSIC CONNECTIVITY SUPPORTS COGNITIVE RESERVE IN AMYLOID-POSITIVE COGNITIVELY NORMAL SUBJECTS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. P384-P385
Author(s):  
Merle C. Hönig ◽  
Gerard N. Bischof ◽  
Isadora Lopes Alves ◽  
Mareike Ahlswede ◽  
Panagiotis Sakagiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Cognitively Normal Subjects

[P1-139]: PATHWAY-SPECIFIC GENETIC RISK SCORE ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMER's DISEASE AND WHITE MATTER LESIONS IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL SUBJECTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7S_Part_6) ◽  
pp. P295-P296
Author(s):  
Shahzad Ahmad ◽  
Christian Bannister ◽  
Sven J. van der Lee ◽  
Dina Vojinovic ◽  
Hieab H.H. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Cognitively Normal Subjects

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Tau Deposition with [18F]PI-2620 by Using a Semiquantitative Method in Cognitively Normal Subjects and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Attapon Jantarato ◽  
Sira Vachatimanont ◽  
Natphimol Boonkawin ◽  
Sukanya Yaset ◽  
Anchisa Kunawudhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Standardized Uptake Value ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Semiquantitative Analysis ◽  
Cognitively Normal

Background. Some studies have reported the effectiveness of [18F]PI-2620 as an effective tau-binding radiotracer; however, few reports have applied semiquantitative analysis to the tracer. Therefore, this study’s aim was to perform a semiquantitative analysis of [18F]PI-2620 in individuals with normal cognition and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods. Twenty-six cognitively normal (CN) subjects, 7 patients with AD, and 36 patients with MCI were enrolled. A dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scan was performed 30–75 min postinjection. PET and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were coregistered. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) was used for semiquantitative analysis. The P-Mod software was applied to create volumes of interest. The ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD were used for statistical analysis. Results. In the AD group, the occipital lobe had a significantly higher mean SUVr ( 1.46 ± 0.57 ) than in the CN and MCI groups. Compared with the CN group, the AD group showed significantly higher mean SUVr in the fusiform gyrus ( 1.06 ± 0.09 vs. 1.49 ± 0.86 ), inferior temporal ( 1.07 ± 0.07 vs. 1.46 ± 0.08 ), parietal lobe, lingual gyrus, and precuneus regions. Similarly, the AD group demonstrated a higher mean SUVr than the MCI group in the precuneus, lingual, inferior temporal, fusiform, supramarginal, orbitofrontal, and superior temporal regions. The remaining observed regions, including the striatum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and white matter, showed a low SUVr across all groups with no statistically significant differences. Conclusion. A significantly higher mean SUVr of [18F]PI-2620 was observed in the AD group; a significant area of the brain in the AD group demonstrated tau protein deposit in concordance with Braak Stages III–V, providing useful information to differentiate AD from CN and MCI. Moreover, the low SUVr in the deep striatum and thalamus could be useful for excluding primary tauopathies.

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