Eye tracking and tourism research: A systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110533
Author(s):  
Georgiana-Denisse Savin ◽  
Cristina Fleșeriu ◽  
Larissa Batrancea
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Tracking Technique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Implications

In recent years, the number of studies in tourism using the eye tracking technique has increased and started generating valuable information for both academics and the industry. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning systematic reviews focused on recent articles and their findings. Thus, the aim of this study is to close this gap by systematically analysing 70 research papers tackling the subject of eye tracking in tourism and published in highly ranked tourism journals. The study identifies the most popular topics and trends for eye tracking research, as well as the most used types of visual stimuli, such as exhibitions, restaurant menus, promotional pictures or websites. The study also details on measurements specific for the analysis of eye tracking data, including fixations, saccades and heat maps. Results are emphasized along with their theoretical and practical implications. In addition, we highlight the lack of the use of dynamic stimuli in the existing literature and suggest further research directions using the eye tracking technique.

WHERE ARE THE BOUNDARIES OF THE "GEOGRAPHICAL" APPROACH IN THE RESEARCH ON TOURISM? REFLECTIONS AFTER THE ANALYSIS OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN "FOLIA TURISTICA" JOURNAL IN THE YEARS 1990-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Geographical Research ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. The aim of the article was to assess the place of geography in research, the results of which were published in "Folia Turistica" journal in the years 1990-2018. In the introduction, the author wonders what is characteristic of the subject of geographical research, or what distinguishes it from other areas of knowledge. Assuming that "geographicity" means to include the subject of research in the context of the spatial differentiation of a given phenomenon, the author determined that out of 485 texts published in "Folia Turistica" during the analysed period, 140 correspond to such defined "geographicity". In the further part of the article, the spatial scale of tourism research conducted from a "geographical" approach was addressed, as well as an attempt to answer the question: what problems were most often faced by the authors of the texts in "Folia Turistica" and from which geographical centres did they originate? Method. After determining which features texts written from a "geographical" approach should have, the article presents the results of the conducted research in this respect, referring to the main problems raised in articles considered as "geographical". Results. Many of the texts considered to be geographical were written by people who are not formally geographers. In the final conclusions, the author formulated a thesis stating that the border in the method of conducting research between studies on tourism from a geographical position and from the position of other sciences, is often unnoticeable. Research and conclusions limitations. The criteria for the selection of articles, although consistent with the adopted definitions of geography, were subjective. Practical implications. The article refers to other studies concerning the place of individual sciences in the achievements of "Folia Turistica" journal. Originality. The results of the query presented in the article cover all the issues of "Folia Turistica", including the issue already appearing in the course of writing this article. Type of work. The article is review in nature.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Gaze Projection Heat-Mapping of Outdoor Mobile Eye-Tracking Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
James Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Representation Techniques ◽  
Visual Engagement ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

The mobilization of eye-tracking for use outside of the laboratory provides new opportunities for the assessment of pedestrian visual engagement with their surroundings. However, the development of data representation techniques that visualize the dynamics of pedestrian gaze distribution upon the environment they are situated within remains limited. The current study addresses this through highlighting how mobile eye-tracking data, which captures where pedestrian gaze is focused upon buildings along urban street edges, can be mapped as three-dimensional gaze projection heat-maps. This data processing and visualization technique is assessed during the current study along with future opportunities and associated challenges discussed. 

Where are the Boundaries of the “Geographical” Approach in the Research on Tourism? Reflections after the Analysis of Articles Published in “Folia Turistica” Journal in the Years 1990-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Geographical Research ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. The aim of the article was to assess the place of geography in research, the results of which were published in “Folia Turistica” journal in the years 1990-2018. In the introduction, the author wonders what is characteristic of the subject of geographical research, or what distinguishes it from other areas of knowledge. Assuming that “geographicity” means to include the subject of research in the context of the spatial differentiation of a given phenomenon, the author determined that out of 485 texts published in “Folia Turistica” during the analysed period, 140 correspond to such defined “geographicity”. In the further part of the article, the spatial scale of tourism research conducted from a “geographical” approach was addressed, as well as an attempt to answer the question: what problems were most often faced by the authors of the texts in “Folia Turistica” and from which geographical centres did they originate? Method. After determining which features texts written from a “geographical” approach should have, the article presents the results of the conducted research in this respect, referring to the main problems raised in articles considered as “geographical”. Results. Many of the texts considered to be geographical were written by people who are not formally geographers. In the final conclusions, the author formulated a thesis stating that the border in the method of conducting research between studies on tourism from a geographical position and from the position of other sciences, is often unnoticeable. Research and conclusions limitations. The criteria for the selection of articles, although consistent with the adopted definitions of geography, were subjective. Practical implications. The article refers to other studies concerning the place of individual sciences in the achievements of “Folia Turistica” journal. Originality. The results of the query presented in the article cover all the issues of “Folia Turistica”, including the issue already appearing in the course of writing this article. Type of work. The article is review in nature.

The interpretation of focused pronouns in Norwegian children and adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-37
Author(s):  
Camilla Hellum Foyn ◽  
Mila Vulchanova ◽  
Randi Alice Nilsen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Object Language ◽  
Pronoun Resolution ◽  
Teddy Bear ◽  
Norwegian Version ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Preceding Sentence

Earlier research states that if an unaccented pronoun refers to the subject of the preceding sentence, a focally accented pronoun will refer to the object. In the current study, we tested whether Norwegian adults select the intended pronoun referent in this context. Our study is also the first one to use eye-tracking to investigate children's developing sensitivity to intonational cues in pronoun resolution, and consequently the first one where Norwegian is the object language. The participants were monolingual 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old children, and a group of adults. They listened to the Norwegian version of utterances like ‘Sarai hugged Mariaj. Then shei/SHEj hugged her own teddy bear’, while watching two corresponding figures on a screen. This was followed by the question, in Norwegian, ‘Who hugged her own teddybear?’ When answering the question, the adults selected the subject referent (Sara) after unaccented pronouns, and the object referent (Maria) after focally accented pronouns. Eye-tracking data revealed that the 7-year-olds initially looked towards the object referent after hearing the pronoun, and then switched to look at the subject referent, regardless of the pronoun's intonation. The 5-year-olds answered the question by selecting the intended referent more often after a focally accented pronoun than after an unaccented one. Finally, the 3-year-olds showed no clear preferences. These results suggest that Norwegian children under the age of seven are still not adult-like when resolving accented and unaccented pronouns.

The Opposition of Surprisal and Semantic Similarity in the Prediction of Language Processing: Evidence from Eye-tracking Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Dynamic Approach

Expectations or predictions about upcoming content play an important role during language comprehension and processing. One important aspect of recent studies of language comprehension and processing concerns the estimation of the upcoming words in a sentence or discourse. Many studies have used eye-tracking data to explore computational and cognitive models for contextual word predictions and word processing. Eye-tracking data has previously been widely explored with a view to investigating the factors that influence word prediction. However, these studies are problematic on several levels, including the stimuli, corpora, statistical tools they applied. Although various computational models have been proposed for simulating contextual word predictions, past studies usually preferred to use a single computational model. The disadvantage of this is that it often cannot give an adequate account of cognitive processing in language comprehension. To avoid these problems, this study draws upon a massive natural and coherent discourse as stimuli in collecting the data on reading time. This study trains two state-of-art computational models (surprisal and semantic (dis)similarity from word vectors by linear discriminative learning (LDL)), measuring knowledge of both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic structure of language. We develop a `dynamic approach' to compute semantic (dis)similarity. It is the first time that these two computational models have been merged. Models are evaluated using advanced statistical methods. Meanwhile, in order to test the efficiency of our approach, one recently developed cosine method of computing semantic (dis)similarity based on word vectors data adopted is used to compare with our `dynamic' approach. The two computational and fixed-effect statistical models can be used to cross-verify the findings, thus ensuring that the result is reliable. All results support that surprisal and semantic similarity are opposed in the prediction of the reading time of words although both can make good predictions. Additionally, our `dynamic' approach performs better than the popular cosine method. The findings of this study are therefore of significance with regard to acquiring a better understanding how humans process words in a real-world context and how they make predictions in language cognition and processing.

Attentional Bias to Untrustworthy Faces: Evidence From Eye Tracking Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1508
Author(s):  
Qiandong WANG ◽  
Qinggong LI ◽  
Kaikai CHEN ◽  
Genyue FU
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Tracking Data
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