scholarly journals Trans*it: Transgender and gender nonconforming asylum claimants’ narratives in Greece

Sexualities ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136346072110132
Author(s):  
Mariza Avgeri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Identity Expression

In this article, I reflect on two interviews of transgender/gender nonconforming asylum claimants in the broader West. In the Trans*it documentary that my partners and I created, a non-binary person and a transgender woman, Ilios and Christina, interview each other on the difficulties of being a transgender/gender nonconforming asylum applicant in Greece. Greece is an understudied area with huge migration flows at the border of the EU and has no official data for Sexual Orientation Gender Identity asylum claims. The documentary, this article contends, provides a starting point for reflecting on the experiences of transgender/gender nonconforming applicants at the borders of Europe and their transition from their country of origin to the West/Greece, and for importing non-Western migrant subjectivities into our current thinking on sexuality/gender. In particular, I problematize the legal framework of Refugee Status Determination and explore the decolonization of gender identity/expression in refugee law. Finally, I reflect on the process of making the documentary and my attempt to centre the voices of gender nonconforming asylum claimants while minimizing the impact of my gaze as a white Greek researcher in the field. In doing so, this article shows how documentary film can be used as a means to further considerations of gendered normativities of asylum claims in a key, yet understudied, context. It concludes by arguing for a decolonializing approach that questions the normalization of Western standards of gender, and their transgression, in Refugee Status Determination.

Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.42 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Refugee Claims

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millbank Jenni
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Credibility Assessment ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Administrative Practice ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
And Gender

This chapter explores two key themes in modern refugee jurisprudence concerning sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) claims over the past 35 years. First, there is a persistent, indeed widening, gap between the formal acceptance of SOGI claims in refugee law—broadly taken to include authoritative international guidance, interpretative norms, and binding domestic precedent—and the implementation of such law through the low-level administrative practice that comprises the vast bulk of refugee status determination (RSD). Secondly, although SOGI claims are often considered as marginal or exceptional cases, they should be seen as a key axis from which to understand major developments and failings of refugee law across the board. The chapter then suggests that SOGI claims are a paradigm example of the ontological challenges at the heart of RSD. These include the enduring challenges posed by fact-finding and evidentiary practices such as future-focused risk analysis, credibility assessment, and the interpretation of claims across culture.

scholarly journals Assessing Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Asylum Claims: Towards a Transgender Studies Framework for Particular Social Group and Persecution

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariza Avgeri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Transgender Studies ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Human Rights Norms

In this article, I focus on gender identity and gender expression as grounds for international protection. After clarifying issues of terminology and theoretical framework, namely Transgender Studies, I criticize the current framework for determining membership in a Particular Social Group (PSG) for the purposes of the Refugee Convention, drawing on Berg and Millbank's work on the concept of self-identification and gender non-conformity as a means to assess transgender asylum claims (2013). I problematize the issues arising in the assessment of well-founded fear of persecution and the form it may take in transgender and gender non-conforming asylum claims. Drawing connections between sexuality and gender identity/expression claims, I attempt to provide a humanizing and depathologized framework for assessing the credibility of transgender and gender non-conforming applicants. Finally, by critiquing the work of Hathaway and Pobjoy and drawing from current human rights norms, I reflect on how to make good law with transgender cases without reproducing medicalized notions of gender identity or placing all the burden of proof on the applicants. In so doing, this article attempts to achieve a balance between theoretical and practical challenges that arise in the Refugee Status Determination (RSD) process involving transgender and gender non-conforming applicants. This article serves as an attempt to critically review the existing scholarship within the framework of transgender studies and offers insights for a refined framework of refugee status determination based on an inclusive reading of Particular Social Group and persecution drawing on the reading of crucial case law from anglophone countries.

Assessing the Impact of Gender Identity Nondiscrimination Policies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell B. Toomey ◽  
Zhenqiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
School Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

U.S. federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education. U.S. case law also applies the prohibition of sex discrimination to incidents motivated by a person’s sex or gender, including gender identity and expression. Enumerated nondiscrimination, school-based policies that include gender identity and expression are among the foundational policies advocated for by researchers and practitioners who aim to make schools safer for transgender and gender nonconforming students. These policies serve as a foundation for all other interventions or policies that may be implemented in schools to increase safety for transgender and gender nonconforming students. Further, enumerated nondiscrimination policies provide students with a clear understanding of their rights at school, and they provide school personnel with grounding to prevent and intervene in gender-based discrimination. Research finds that transgender and gender nonconforming students experience high levels of stigma in schools (manifested as discrimination, stigma-based bullying), and that these school-based experiences are associated with compromised educational outcomes in addition to disparities in behavioral, physical, and psychological health. Students in schools that have enumerated nondiscrimination policies report less bias stigma-based bullying attributed to gender identity and expression compared to students in schools with nonenumerated policies. Further, students are more likely to report that teachers intervene in stigma-based bullying attributed to gender identity and expression in schools that have enumerated nondiscrimination policies compared to those that do not. Finally, studies find that nondiscrimination policies that include gender identity and expression attenuate the negative consequences of stigma for students.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF COLLECTIVISM ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND LIFE SATISFACTION RELATIONSHIP: A UK – SPAIN COMPARISON

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Valero Pizarro ◽  
Gamze Arman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Satisfaction Relationship

Difficulties in balancing work and non-work roles have a negative impact on an individual’s life satisfaction. This study investigates the relationship between work-life balance and life satisfaction across the United Kingdom and Spain. It also explores the moderating effects of individual orientations of collectivism and gender identity. The used scales measured Work-life Balance (WLB), Life Satisfaction (LS), Collectivism vs. Individualism orientations, and Gender identity. Collectivism/Individualism was measured and analysed at individual-level rather than at cultural-level. Data was collected from 52 British and 69 Spanish full-time employed women through an online survey. Correlational analyses and hierarchical multiple regression were conducted. Findings indicated that work-life balance had positive effects on life satisfaction across two different cultures. Those effects were stronger for British than Spanish women. Moderating effects were not found. Although, work-life balance, collectivism individual-orientation, and feminine identity predicted life satisfaction in the UK and only work-life balance predicted life satisfaction in Spain. This study extends the literature on work-life balance and life satisfaction relationship and the influence of culture, whilst also contributing to the under-researched area of the influence of gender identity on that relationship. The results might contribute to developing better strategies for promoting work-life balance

scholarly journals Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Cerezo ◽  
Mariah Cummings ◽  
Meredith Holmes ◽  
Chelsey Williams
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Constructivist Grounded Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Although the concept of intersectionality has gained widespread attention in psychological research, there remains a significant gap related to the impact of intersectionality on identity formation for persons negotiating multiple minority statuses. This gap is especially pronounced among sexual and gender expansive women of Latinx and African American descent—two groups that face disparate personal and public health risks but are largely ignored in the research literature. In response to this gap, we carried out a qualitative study using constructivist grounded theory with 20 Latinx and African American sexual minority, gender expansive women to understand participants’ experiences of forming an intersectional social identity. Following an exploration of identity formation related to the specific domains of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation, we prompted participants to consider how each of the specified identity domains impacted the formation and experience of an overall intersectional identity (e.g., how racial position impacted gender identity and/or sexual identity formation). Findings revealed four major themes that were critical in identity formation: (a) family and cultural expectations, (b) freedom to explore identity, (c) the constant negotiation of insider/outsider status, and (d) identity integration as an act of resistance. Implications for future research and psychological services are discussed.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Implementing Preferred Gender Pronouns: Queer Autonomy in the Age of Information Technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Zooey Sophia Pook
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Neoliberal Capitalism ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Of Information

A preferred gender pronoun or PGP is the gender pronoun, or set of gender pronouns, an individual uses to represent themselves and by which they would like others to use when they represent them (PFLAG). The use of PGPs is meant to show respect to the autonomy of individuals whose gender identity may not conform to the appearance of others, or individuals whose identity is gender non-binary (HRC). The use of PGPs is suggested as a best practice by nearly every major LGBT+ organization in the US (PFLAG, HRC, etc.). Today, systems for implementing PGPs exist everywhere from college applications, hospital intake forms, dating websites, and beyond. While the use of PGPs shows respect for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals, these practices have unintended consequences as they contribute to the ever-expanding economies of data collection, made possible through the rise of information technologies. This work will explore questions of economy and power related to the collection of PGPs and the challenge of queer autonomy in the age of neoliberal capitalism.

scholarly journals Toward More Inclusive Gender Identity Measurement in Speech, Language, and Hearing Practice and Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1710-1715
Author(s):  
Brandon Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Gender Minorities ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
And Gender

Purpose This article discusses current trends in clinical and research settings for collecting gender identity demographic information and argues for clinicians and researchers in communication disorders and sciences to adopt a two-question method for measuring the gender identity of clients and research participants. Traditional collection of gender demographic information has been constrained to a single question format with a binary response option. Increasing numbers of individuals across the life span identify with gender minorities such as transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming, among others, and the traditional format for obtaining gender-identity related information is insufficient to capture and document this increasing diversity. An example of a two-question method for measuring gender identity demographic information is provided. The benefits and challenges of adopting such a measure in clinical and laboratory settings are discussed. Conclusions Gender minorities constitute a growing proportion of clinical caseloads and research participants within speech-language pathology and audiology. The adoption of demographic measurement tools that are inclusive of varying gender identities is necessary to acknowledge and quantify this growth and is a first step in normalizing transgender visibility in clinical and research settings. Such a move advances cultural responsiveness within the professions and promotes competent care and optimal health outcomes for individuals who are gender diverse.

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