Language changes medical judgments and beliefs

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110228
Author(s):  
Sayuri Hayakawa ◽  
Yue Pan ◽  
Viorica Marian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Aims and objectives: How health risks are communicated can have a substantial impact on medical judgments and choice. Here, we examine whether the language used to process health-related information systematically changes bilinguals’ perceptions and preferences. Methodology: Chinese-English bilinguals were presented with 10 medical scenarios in either their native language (Mandarin Chinese; n = 76) or a second language (American English; n = 84) and made judgments regarding their familiarity with the medical conditions and the perceived severity of the possible symptoms (incurability, emotional distress, physical pain, social harm). Participants then rated their agreement with statements pertaining to beliefs about medical decision-making (trust in the good intentions of doctors, acceptability of challenging doctors, importance of involving family, preference for standard treatments, preference for experimental treatments). Data and analysis: Linear mixed-effects models were constructed for judgments of medical conditions and for beliefs regarding medical decision-making. Findings and conclusions: Medical conditions were perceived to be easier to cure, less physically painful, and less emotionally distressing when processed in the second language, English. Using English also increased endorsement of beliefs (such as challenging doctors’ opinions and accepting experimental treatments) that were more consistent with individualistic than with collectivistic norms. We propose that the activation of emotions and values is linked to language, with consequences for how individuals make decisions that impact their health and well-being. Originality: The present study is among the first to systematically examine the interactive psychological impact of language context and experience on judgments and beliefs in an applied medical domain. Significance: With millions of practitioners and patients worldwide making medical decisions in a combination of native and non-native languages, the present findings highlight the need to account for language, including language use, context, and experience, in order to optimize health-related communication and judgments.

scholarly journals Wearables in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What Are They Good for? (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brinnae Bent ◽  
Jessilyn P Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Monitoring Technologies

UNSTRUCTURED Recently, companies such as Apple Inc, Fitbit Inc, and Garmin Ltd have released new wearable blood oxygenation measurement technologies. Although the release of these technologies has great potential for generating health-related information, it is important to acknowledge the repercussions of consumer-targeted biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs), which in practice, are often used for medical decision making. BioMeTs are bodily connected digital medicine products that process data captured by mobile sensors that use algorithms to generate measures of behavioral and physiological function. These BioMeTs span both general wellness products and medical devices, and consumer-targeted BioMeTs intended for general wellness purposes are not required to undergo a standardized and transparent evaluation process for ensuring their quality and accuracy. The combination of product functionality, marketing, and the circumstances of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have inevitably led to the use of consumer-targeted BioMeTs for reporting health-related measurements to drive medical decision making. In this viewpoint, we urge consumer-targeted BioMeT manufacturers to go beyond the bare minimum requirements described in US Food and Drug Administration guidance when releasing information on wellness BioMeTs. We also explore new methods and incentive systems that may result in a clearer public understanding of the performance and intended use of consumer-targeted BioMeTs.

Exceptions to the Legal Requirements: Emergency, Waiver, Therapeutic Privilege, and Compulsory Treatment

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica W. Berg ◽  
Paul S. Appelbaum ◽  
Charles W. Lidz ◽  
Lisa S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Consent To Treatment ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Consent Requirement ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Privilege

In the preceding chapter we spoke of the requirement for informed consent in absolute terms, as something that was an invariable component of medical decision making. Over the years, courts have come to recognize that there are a number of situations in which physicians are permitted to render treatment without patients’ informed consent. Even under the earlier simple consent requirement, consent to treatment was not required in all situations. There are different kinds of situations in which requiring disclosure and obtaining consent could be detrimental to the patient, such as in an emergency or when the disclosure itself would harm the patient, and therefore in these situations informed consent is not required. Patients may also waive, or give up, the right to be informed and/or to consent. Here the concern is not with promoting health values but with promoting autonomy. Informed consent may also be dispensed with in a fourth set of cases, those of legally required treatment, in which the harm from requiring informed consent is not necessarily to the patient (or the patient alone) but to other important societal interests (e.g., civil commitment of the dangerous mentally ill—see Chapter 11—or forced treatment of patients with infectious disease). In addition, informed consent requirements are modified when a patient is incompetent (see Chapter 5). Each of these exceptions contains the potential for undermining the values sought to be implemented by the informed consent doctrine: self-determination and informed decision making. Exceptions that are too broadly defined and applied are a threat to these values. On the other hand, these exceptions are an important vehicle for the interjection into the decisionmaking process of another set of values, society’s interest in promoting the health of individuals. When judiciously defined and applied, the exceptions accord health-related values their due. However, the exceptions can be, and sometimes have been, defined so broadly as to dilute, if not dissolve, the fundamental duties imposed by the doctrine and to undermine its essential purpose of assuring patient participation in medical decision making (1).

scholarly journals 家庭成員共同決定——儒家家庭本位思想在臨床決定中的體現

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Hanhui XU
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Involvement ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
The Family

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.儒家家庭本位思想對於中國傳統社會有著極其深刻的影響，而這種影響直到今天仍然發揮著巨大的作用，並由此形成了中國特有的社會結構和家庭觀念。在中國家庭中，家庭成員之間的關係更加密切，遇到重大事情，往往會由家庭成員共同做出決定。由於這種特殊的文化氛圍，在臨床決定的時候，應該用家庭共同決定代替個人自主決定，這種模式既能保障個人權利，維護個人利益，同時也是尊重家庭決定，營造和諧的家庭關係。Family involvement in medical decision making is a common practice in China due to the influence of Confucianism, which emphasizes the family as an organic unit. Instead of speaking of the individual’s right to choose and make a decision, the Confucian model for “informed consent” calls for “family co-decision making” or “co-determination.” The essay argues that China has long-standing moral traditions such as Confucianism, with its inherent ethical views toward family values that are still pertinent to a person’s daily life in general and bio-medical issues in particular.The author points out that those who acknowledge the role of the family in medical decision making feel much more satisfied. Sometimes both medical and non-medical burdens related to family roles and relationships are taken into consideration, but a patient who has good family relationships would rather family members be actively involved in the decision making. In addition, as young people are becoming increasingly individualistic under the influence of Western culture, family medical co-decision making can promote the Confucian values of family, family responsibility, and the well-being of individuals.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1791 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals Wearables in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What Are They Good for?

10.2196/25137 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e25137
Author(s):  
Brinnae Bent ◽  
Jessilyn P Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Monitoring Technologies

Recently, companies such as Apple Inc, Fitbit Inc, and Garmin Ltd have released new wearable blood oxygenation measurement technologies. Although the release of these technologies has great potential for generating health-related information, it is important to acknowledge the repercussions of consumer-targeted biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs), which in practice, are often used for medical decision making. BioMeTs are bodily connected digital medicine products that process data captured by mobile sensors that use algorithms to generate measures of behavioral and physiological function. These BioMeTs span both general wellness products and medical devices, and consumer-targeted BioMeTs intended for general wellness purposes are not required to undergo a standardized and transparent evaluation process for ensuring their quality and accuracy. The combination of product functionality, marketing, and the circumstances of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have inevitably led to the use of consumer-targeted BioMeTs for reporting health-related measurements to drive medical decision making. In this viewpoint, we urge consumer-targeted BioMeT manufacturers to go beyond the bare minimum requirements described in US Food and Drug Administration guidance when releasing information on wellness BioMeTs. We also explore new methods and incentive systems that may result in a clearer public understanding of the performance and intended use of consumer-targeted BioMeTs.

The use of health-related quality-of-life data to support medical decision making

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. D8 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Osoba ◽  
Mirjam Sprangers ◽  
Kathleen Wyrwich ◽  
Donald Patrick ◽  
Larry Gorkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

scholarly journals Children’s autonomy in medical decision-making

JAHR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Michael Cheng-tek Tai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
The Past

Should children be allowed to express their opinion in regards to medical treatment or experiment? In the past, the practice seemed to assume that children are not matured enough to make decision affecting their well-being, their guardians therefore are given the power to decide for them. In this article the author will argue that this practice should be changed and children should be allowed to get involved. The author quoted findings of Grootens-Wiegers P., Hein I. M., van den Broek J. M. and de Vires M. C. in regards to children’s ability from developmental and neuroscientific aspects that children actually start knowing their like, dislike, good and bad… from a very young age. Though these processes are gradual, the finding tells us that children are not as immature as we used to think. The author thus argues that children’s autonomy must be respected in some way when medical decision is to be made. At least, they must be told what options are available and seek their opinion.

Importance Hierarchy of Surrogate Medical Decision Making Determinants: A Q-Methodology Study in Middle Eastern and East Asian Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1020-1033
Author(s):  
Muhammad M. Hammami ◽  
Kafa Abuhdeeb ◽  
Areej Al Balkhi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Q Methodology ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Norm Perception ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Surrogate Decision ◽  
Fixed Distribution

Background Factors other than patient’s preference may influence surrogate medical decision making in a culture- and viewpoint-dependent way. We explored the importance hierarchy of potential surrogate medical decision making determinants to Middle-Eastern (ME) and East-Asian (EA) men according to their norm-perception (N-viewpoint), preference as patients (P-viewpoint), and preference as surrogate decision-makers (S-viewpoint). Methods Each respondent (120 ME, 120 EA) sorted 28 items reflecting potential determinants into a fixed distribution of importance hierarchy according to the three viewpoints. Latent decision making models were explored by by-person factor analysis (Q-methodology). Results Six models were identified for each ME and EA viewpoint (total 36). Patient’s health-related, patient’s preference-related, and society’s interests-related determinants were strongly embraced in 34, 3, and zero models and strongly discounted in 2, 5, and 21 models, respectively. Patient’s religious/spiritual belief was strongly embraced in 6 EA models compared to 2 ME models and strongly discounted in 2 EA models compared to 5 ME models. Further, family-centric and surrogate’s interest-related determinants were strongly embraced in 8 EA models compared to 1 ME model. They were also strongly embraced in 5 P-viewpoint compared to 2 S-viewpoint models and strongly discounted in 4 P-viewpoint compared to 11 S-viewpoint models. Despite the overall predominance of patient’s health-related determinants and culture- and viewpoint-dependent differences, Q-methodology analysis identified relatively patient’s preference-influenced, religious/spiritual beliefs–influenced, emotion-influenced, and familism-influenced models and showed notable overlap in models. Conclusions Patient’s health was more important than other potential medical surrogate decision making determinants, including patient’s preference, for both ME and EA men and in all viewpoints. The relative importance of some determinants was culture- and viewpoint- dependent and allowed description of different albeit overlapping models.

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