A Review of Bootstrap Methods in Ranked Set Sampling

This chapter provides a brief review of the existing resampling methods for RSS and its implementation to construct a bootstrap confidence interval for the mean parameter. The authors present a brief comparison of these existing methods in terms of their flexibility and consistency. To construct the bootstrap confidence interval, three methods are adopted, namely, bootstrap percentile method, bias-corrected and accelerated method, and method based on monotone transformation along with normal approximation. Usually, for the second method, the accelerated constant is computed by employing the jackknife method. The authors discuss an analytical expression for the accelerated constant, which results in reducing the computational burden of this bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap method. The usefulness of the proposed methods is further illustrated by analyzing real-life data on shrubs.

Business, Human Rights and a New Social Contract in the Digital Age Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of concluding a new social contract in the digitalage, taking into account the its peculiarities and the complex challenges in the field of business andhuman rights. The issues of the need to renegotiate such an agreement, the composition of the partiesand its basic conditions are considered. It is emphasized that the almost uncontrolled activities andgrowing power of companies are not the only, but one of the most important reasons for revisingthe contract.The article argues that the features of the digital age that affect the reasons for the conclusionand content of a new social contract are as follows: a significant part of all activities of entities takesplace in cyberspace or has an online component; digital tools are extremely common in both publicand private life; data become key to any economic, social, political activity; the amount of data ishuge, and the speed of their spread is incredibly high; the development of societies is uneven, andit is exacerbated by the digital divide; the power of business structures is growing, including theirability to modify the behavior of users of digital tools.The main threats to the existing social contract are a significant imbalance between the rights andobligations of the parties, the ineffectiveness of instruments to control its observance, the asymmetryof power, and the formation of a regulatory framework by companies against their role in the privatesector. Attempts to include business in the treaty, leaving human rights and justice at the center,including legitimacy and the negotiation of conditions with equal participation of individuals, civilsociety, companies and governments, are considered.The reasons for the potential loss of power of the existing social contract in the digital age are given,including the examples exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article emphasizes the need toreconcile the responsibilities of participants, as well as to take into account the consequences of the

Comparison of Five Methods to Estimate the Parameters for the Three-Parameter Lindley Distribution with Application to Life Data

We have studied one of the most common distributions, namely, Lindley distribution, which is an important continuous mixed distribution with great ability to represent different systems. We studied this distribution with three parameters because of its high flexibility in modelling life data. The parameters were estimated by five different methods, namely, maximum likelihood estimation, ordinary least squares, weighted least squares, maximum product of spacing, and Cramér-von Mises. Simulation experiments were performed with different sample sizes and different parameter values. The different methods were compared on the generated data by mean square error and mean absolute error. In addition, we compared the methods for real data, which represent COVID-19 data in Iraq/Anbar Province.