Explaining Game-to-Game Ticket Sales for Major League Baseball Games Over Time

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M. Beckman ◽  
Wenqiang Cai ◽  
Rebecca M. Esrock ◽  
Robert J. Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Major League ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome ◽  
Over Time

Using data from more than 10,000 games from 1985 through 2009, the authors estimate the effect various factors have on attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games. As previously found in the literature, interleague and interleague rivalry contests are associated with higher attendances, but this relationship has been weakening over time. Contrary to some of the literature, the authors find that the likelihood the home team will win the contest is inconsistently estimated over time, lending little support for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Generally the effect on ticket sales from many potential factors has generally been weakening over time.

Using Prediction Market Prices to Differentiate Factors that Influence the Highest and Lowest Priced Tickets in Dynamic Pricing for Major League Baseball

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Rodney Paul ◽  
Andrew Weinbach
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Prediction Markets ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Major League ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome

The use of prediction markets is extended to explain differences in preferences of fans that purchase different price levels of tickets under dynamic pricing for Major League Baseball.  Using data from eleven teams, this research investigates similarities and differences in variables that affect ticket prices for the highest-priced and lowest-priced tickets.  Key contrasts between the groups are found to stem from distinct preferences for uncertainty of outcome, measured by betting market odds, and team quality.  It is also shown that differences between the groups are attributable to sensitivity to factors such as key opponents, weekend games, opening day, and temperature.

The Demand for Major League Baseball: A Test of the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Knowles ◽  
Keith Sherony ◽  
Mike Haupert
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Determinant ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Major League ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome ◽  
Measure Of Uncertainty

The relationship between attendance at major league baseball games and the uncertainty of the outcome of each game is examined. We use an a priori measure of uncertainty in estimating the attendance equation. The variable is developed from the betting lines for individual games and measures the probability of a home team victory during the 1988 major league baseball season. The results indicate that uncertainty of outcome is a significant determinant of attendance for major league baseball. In addition, the results are used to determine the probability of a home team victory at which attendance will be maximized.

Impacts of Performance-Enhancing Drug Suspensions on the Demand for Major League Baseball

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-419
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Cisyk
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Major League ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Television Audience ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Audience Size ◽  
Performance Enhancing

In 2005, Major League Baseball (MLB) introduced a new policy regarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) wherein the league would not only suspend but also publicly name any player who tested positive for banned PEDs. Using the estimated television audience size of MLB games from 2006 to 2012, these PED suspension announcements provide a unique natural experiment to test how consumers react to news of PED use. This study finds that PED announcements have two major impacts on the demand for baseball. First, there is on average an immediate 9.3% reduction in the television audience of the PED player’s team. Second, the magnitude of the effect gradually decreases over time yet remains negative and significant for a period of 37 days or approximately 33 game-broadcasts. This is the first study to link PED use to an adverse reaction by consumers in a systematic way using television audience while controlling for the change in team quality caused by removing the suspended player from the team.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Promotions On Attendance At Major League Baseball Games

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Barilla ◽  
Kathleen Gruben ◽  
William Levernier
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Multivariate Regression Model ◽  
Major League ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Game Attendance

The determinants of attendance at professional sporting events come from a variety of team- specific, game-specific, and stadium-specific factors. Using data from the 2,431 major league baseball games played during the 2005 season, this study employs a multivariate regression model to determine the effect that the previously mentioned factors have on game attendance. The focus of the study is on the effect that promotions, such as product giveaways, have on attendance. The findings of this study indicate that having a promotion at a game increases attendance by about 1,532 fans. The findings also indicate that both the timing of a promotion and the type of promotion is important. Specifically, promotions held on weekends have a much smaller impact on attendance than promotions held during the week, with promotions held on Friday or Sunday having a particularly small effect. In terms of the type of promotion, this study finds that bobblehead giveaways have by far the largest impact on attendance and that several types of giveaways actually have no effect on attendance.

An Empirical Examination of the Development and Impact of Star Power in Major League Baseball

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Yeujun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Star Power ◽  
Team Success ◽  
Major League ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Variance

We examine the processes by which star power (SP) develops and the impact of SP on both consumer demand and team performance using data from Major League Baseball. First, we examine the dynamics of stardom using data based on player salaries, performance, and award recognition. We find that SP explains additional variance in salaries beyond performance measures. Also, we examine the impact of SP on consumer demand and team success. We find that a team’s stock of SP positively influences consumer demand, even after controlling for various factors ranging from team success to ticket prices.

Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball: The Effect of Race

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Christiano
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Major League ◽  
Using Data

Using data on the salaries of 212 nonpitchers appearing in team lineups on major league baseball’s 1977 Opening Day, this article explores how rewards to veteran professionals are influenced by race. Multiple regression analyses and separate comparisons of regression coefficients for returns to performances by blacks and by whites reveal a single indication of salary discrimination against blacks. White infielders are apparently paid more for each home run they hit than are their black counterparts.

scholarly journals Exploring the components of brand equity amid declining ticket sales in Major League Baseball

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Adam C. Merkle ◽  
Catherine Hessick ◽  
Britton R. Leggett ◽  
Larry Goehrig ◽  
Kenneth O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Major League

NBA Primary Market Ticket Consumers: Ex Ante Expectations and Consumer Market Origination

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Mills ◽  
Steven Salaga ◽  
Scott Tainsky
Keyword(s):  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Ticket Pricing ◽  
Consumer Demographics ◽  
Differential Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Ticket Pricing ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome

We add to the recent ticket market literature by using a unique, disaggregated, and proprietary data set of primary market ticket sales transactions from a National Basketball Association team that includes previously unavailable information on date of purchase, customer location, and other consumer demographics. We find that local and out-of-market fans differ in their total purchase amounts, with out-of-market fans spending more than local consumers, on average, and differential spending effects based on the home team win probability. In particular, this differential behavior has important implications for Rottenberg’s uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. We find evidence that interest in visiting team quality dominates interest in perceived contest uncertainty, fitting the reference-dependent preference model in the context of low local team quality. Further, these findings also have important implications related to market segmentation and dynamic ticket pricing in professional sport.

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