Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball: The Effect of Race

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Christiano
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Major League ◽  
Using Data

Using data on the salaries of 212 nonpitchers appearing in team lineups on major league baseball’s 1977 Opening Day, this article explores how rewards to veteran professionals are influenced by race. Multiple regression analyses and separate comparisons of regression coefficients for returns to performances by blacks and by whites reveal a single indication of salary discrimination against blacks. White infielders are apparently paid more for each home run they hit than are their black counterparts.

Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball: Discrimination 10 Years Later

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Christiano
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
Economic Discrimination ◽  
Major League

A series of multiple regression analyses using the most recent publicly available data on the salaries of veteran hitters in major league baseball uncovers little evidence of economic discrimination by race. Comparisons of unstandardized regression coefficients for player variables, by race and position, reveal a number of instances of inequality. However, these inequalities do not occur consistently with respect to the same type of performance, nor do they always place blacks at a disadvantage. Furthermore, blacks who do not enjoy the market power granted to players by the advent of free agency are not uniformly victimized by discrimination in salaries. Instead, the newest evidence suggests that signs of salary discrimination that were found in data on hitters from the 1977 season are not manifest 10 years later.

Using Prediction Market Prices to Differentiate Factors that Influence the Highest and Lowest Priced Tickets in Dynamic Pricing for Major League Baseball

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Rodney Paul ◽  
Andrew Weinbach
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Prediction Markets ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Major League ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome

The use of prediction markets is extended to explain differences in preferences of fans that purchase different price levels of tickets under dynamic pricing for Major League Baseball.  Using data from eleven teams, this research investigates similarities and differences in variables that affect ticket prices for the highest-priced and lowest-priced tickets.  Key contrasts between the groups are found to stem from distinct preferences for uncertainty of outcome, measured by betting market odds, and team quality.  It is also shown that differences between the groups are attributable to sensitivity to factors such as key opponents, weekend games, opening day, and temperature.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Promotions On Attendance At Major League Baseball Games

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Barilla ◽  
Kathleen Gruben ◽  
William Levernier
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Multivariate Regression Model ◽  
Major League ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Game Attendance

The determinants of attendance at professional sporting events come from a variety of team- specific, game-specific, and stadium-specific factors. Using data from the 2,431 major league baseball games played during the 2005 season, this study employs a multivariate regression model to determine the effect that the previously mentioned factors have on game attendance. The focus of the study is on the effect that promotions, such as product giveaways, have on attendance. The findings of this study indicate that having a promotion at a game increases attendance by about 1,532 fans. The findings also indicate that both the timing of a promotion and the type of promotion is important. Specifically, promotions held on weekends have a much smaller impact on attendance than promotions held during the week, with promotions held on Friday or Sunday having a particularly small effect. In terms of the type of promotion, this study finds that bobblehead giveaways have by far the largest impact on attendance and that several types of giveaways actually have no effect on attendance.

Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball: The Hispanic Component

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert M. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Major League ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This study replicated Christiano’s inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball in 1987. However, instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating the observations by race / ethnicity, position, and free agency status) revealed several instances of salary inequities but no systematic patterning. The conclusion: The salaries of baseball players varying in race / ethnicity were not consistently different even while holding other theoretically relevant variables constant.

An Empirical Examination of the Development and Impact of Star Power in Major League Baseball

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Yeujun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Star Power ◽  
Team Success ◽  
Major League ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Variance

We examine the processes by which star power (SP) develops and the impact of SP on both consumer demand and team performance using data from Major League Baseball. First, we examine the dynamics of stardom using data based on player salaries, performance, and award recognition. We find that SP explains additional variance in salaries beyond performance measures. Also, we examine the impact of SP on consumer demand and team success. We find that a team’s stock of SP positively influences consumer demand, even after controlling for various factors ranging from team success to ticket prices.

Explaining Game-to-Game Ticket Sales for Major League Baseball Games Over Time

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M. Beckman ◽  
Wenqiang Cai ◽  
Rebecca M. Esrock ◽  
Robert J. Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Major League ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome ◽  
Over Time

Using data from more than 10,000 games from 1985 through 2009, the authors estimate the effect various factors have on attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games. As previously found in the literature, interleague and interleague rivalry contests are associated with higher attendances, but this relationship has been weakening over time. Contrary to some of the literature, the authors find that the likelihood the home team will win the contest is inconsistently estimated over time, lending little support for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Generally the effect on ticket sales from many potential factors has generally been weakening over time.

scholarly journals Salaries and Race/Ethnicity in Major League Baseball: The Pitching Component

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
Wilbert M. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Major League ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This study refined and extended Christiano’s recent inquiry on race and salaries in major league baseball. Instead of merely dichotomizing the independent variable into black and white, the data were trichotomized into white, black, and Hispanic categories; pitchers, because they were not studied, provided the focal point. A model of salary for pitchers was both specified and tested. Unstandardized regression coefficients (after disaggregating the units of analysis by race/ethnicity) revealed several instances of salary inequities but small ns precluded systematic testing. Hence, the verdict is still out as to whether or not the salaries of baseball pitchers varying in race/ethnicity are consistently different while holding other theoretically relevant variables constant.

scholarly journals U.S. Women's Sport Consumption and Self-Identified Fandom: An Exploration of Social Structural and Sociocultural Antecedents

2021 ◽  
pp. 101269022110682
Author(s):  
Frances S. Sutton ◽  
Chris Knoester
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Women's Sport ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Sport Consumption ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sport Events

In this study, using data from the National Sports and Society Survey (N = 2853), we examine U.S. women’s reports of their sport consumption and self-identified sport fandom. Multiple regression analyses are used to assess associations between social structural and sociocultural antecedents of consumption and women’s frequencies of watching and following sport, frequencies of attending live sport events, and the amount of money that they spend to watch and follow sport. We then investigate the relationships between women’s sport consumption behaviors and their fandom. We find that women are common consumers of sport and their consumption is positively associated with their socioeconomic statuses, number of children, social relationships, sport participation experiences, and sport-related identities. We also find evidence that women’s sport consumption behaviors are only modestly associated with their levels of fandom. We conclude with reflections on what these results mean for better understanding and supporting women’s sport consumption and fandom.

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