Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Gang Involvement Among Juvenile Offenders: Assessing the Mediation Effects of Substance Use and Temperament Deficits

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Wolff ◽  
Michael T. Baglivio ◽  
Hannah J. Klein ◽  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Matt DeLisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Gang Involvement ◽  
Adverse Childhood

A growing body of research has demonstrated the deleterious effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Less understood is the role of ACEs in gang involvement among juvenile offenders. The current longitudinal study employs a sample of 104,267 juvenile offenders (mean age of 16, 76% male, 46% Black non-Hispanic, 15.7% Hispanic) to examine the effect of ACE exposure on two different measures of gang involvement by age 18. We use structural equation modeling to test whether higher ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement and whether current substance use and/or difficult temperament mediates the ACE-gang involvement relationship. Results indicate ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement by age 18, but that much of the effect of ACEs on later gang involvement can be explained by their impact on current substance abuse and difficult temperament. Implications for juvenile justice systems are discussed.

The role of adverse childhood experiences in initiation of substance use and sexual behaviors among opioid-using young adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. e79
Author(s):  
Honoria Guarino ◽  
Pedro Mateu-Gelabert ◽  
Skultip (Jill) Sirikantraporn ◽  
Kelly Ruggles ◽  
Cassandra Syckes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

The Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Perinatal Substance Use Behaviour in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1643-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Busisiwe Siphumelele Bhengu ◽  
Andrew Tomita ◽  
Sibongile Mashaphu ◽  
Saeeda Paruk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Kwazulu Natal

scholarly journals Social engagement and allostatic load mediate between adverse childhood experiences and multimorbidity in mid to late adulthood: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Leslie Atkinson ◽  
Divya Joshi ◽  
Parminder Raina ◽  
Lauren E. Griffith ◽  
Harriet MacMillan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with multimorbidity in adulthood. This link may be mediated by psychosocial and biological factors, but evidence is lacking. The current study evaluates this mediation model. Method We analyzed data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (N = 27 170 community participants). Participants were 45–85 years at recruitment, when allostatic load and social engagement data were collected, and 3 years older at follow-up, when ACEs and multimorbidity data were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to test for mediation in the overall sample, and in sex- and age-stratified subsamples, all analyses adjusted for concurrent lifestyle confounds. Results In the overall sample, ACEs were associated with multimorbidity, directly, β = 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0.11–0.13) and indirectly. Regarding indirect associations, ACEs were related to social engagement, β = −0.14 (−0.16 to −0.12) and social engagement was related to multimorbidity, β = −0.10 (−0.12 to −0.08). ACEs were related to allostatic load, β = 0.04 (0.03–0.05) and allostatic load was related to multimorbidity, β = 0.16 (0.15–0.17). The model was significant for males and females and across age cohorts, with qualifications in the oldest stratum (age 75–85). Conclusions ACEs are related to multimorbidity, directly and via social engagement and allostatic load. This is the first study to show mediated pathways between early adversity and multimorbidity in adulthood. It provides a platform for understanding multimorbidity as a lifespan dynamic informing the co-occurrence of the varied disease processes represented in multimorbidity.

Personality Disorders, Risky Behaviors, and Adversity: The Moderating Role of Resilience

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110289
Author(s):  
Talon P. Flynn ◽  
Jamie E. Parnes ◽  
Bradley T. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Individuals with personality disorders (PDs) comprise 30% to 40% of individuals receiving mental health treatment. Treatment of PDs is exceedingly difficult; therefore, research has focused on PD etiology and preventative factors. One known influence on PD etiology is adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). ACEs are associated with increased prevalence of several health risk behaviors (HRBs), including engagement in substance use, criminal, and risky sexual behavior. One protective factor, childhood resiliency, predicts lower prevalence of PDs and engagement in HRBs. We hypothesized that increased prevalence of ACEs would predict higher levels of PD symptoms and HRBs engagement. Furthermore, we predicted that childhood resiliency would moderate the relation between ACEs, PD symptoms, and HRBs. In the present study, students (N = 531) completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences survey, the Self-Administered – Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale, and the Childhood Youth and Resiliency Measure-28. They also responded to questions about substance use, criminal, and sexual behavior which were used to define a latent HRB variable. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine study hypotheses. As hypothesized, we found positive relations between ACEs, PD symptoms, and our HRB latent variable. Childhood resiliency moderated both ACE and PD symptom paths. At lower levels of reported ACEs, individuals high in childhood resiliency reported fewer PD symptoms and HRBs than individuals low in childhood resiliency. At high levels of ACEs, childhood resiliency did not serve as a protective factor. Additionally, study findings suggest that childhood resiliency factors are integral for protecting against the development of these disorders.

scholarly journals Associations between Childhood Abuse, Resilience, Mindfulness, and Waterpipe Smoking: Implications for Cessation Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Naghavi ◽  
Nouzar Nakhaee
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Waterpipe Smoking ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Introduction. Recent research has established a link between childhood abuse and later drug abuse. For waterpipe smoking (WPS), such a role has not been adequately clarified. Aims. To explore the mediating effect of resilience and mindfulness on the association between childhood abuse and current WPS among college students. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a consecutive sample ( n = 776 ) of college students in Kerman, Iran. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Abuse Short Form, the 14-item Resilience Scale, and the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory were used. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the complex associations between variables. Results. Nearly 95% of participants were aged between 18 and 27 years, and the mean (SD) age of students was 22.2 (3.1). Most of them were single (84.4), and 52.7% were female. Prevalence of lifetime and current WPS among students was 49.6% and 33.4%, respectively. Less than one-third ( n = 228 ) of lifetime users first tried smoking by the age of 18. The risk of current WPS was significantly higher in males than females ( β = 0.25 , P < 0.001 ). Childhood abuse was directly associated with current WPS ( β = 0.20 , P < 0.001 ) and resilience ( β = − 0.12 , P < 0.05 ). Adverse childhood experiences were also indirectly (mediated by the effect of the resilience, path coefficient = 0.06 , P < 0.001 ) associated with the risk of WPS. No relationship was seen between trait mindfulness and current WPS ( β = − 0.02 , P = 0.393 ). Resilience was negatively associated with current WPS ( β = − 0.47 , P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. The study revealed the potential importance of childhood abuse and low resilience as risk factors precipitating the onset of WPS. Further studies are warranted to examine the implications of this study for quitting WPS.

Life Course Pathways From Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Physical Health: A Structural Equation Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula S. Nurius ◽  
Christopher M. Fleming ◽  
Eleanor Brindle
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Health Risk Behaviors ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Objective: This study examines pathways from adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to physical health, directly and indirectly through lower income, health risk behaviors, social support, and adult adversity within a theoretical framework postulating stress proliferative and biological trajectories of cumulative adversity. Method: Data were obtained from 12,549 adult respondents of a state Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Multigroup structural equation modeling elucidated pathways differentiated by sex and age (older/younger than 45). Results: Good model fit was achieved in each test, indicating consistency with stress theorizing that ACEs significantly contribute to poorer physical health through direct and mediated paths. Younger adults evidenced direct ACE pathway to poor health suggesting early biological erosion, whereas paucity of social support among older adults was directly associated. Discussion: Findings indicate that stress process roles in eroding physical health and experience of wellness. Addressing early adversity is an important strategy toward reducing preventable health problems.

scholarly journals Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 105072
Author(s):  
Adam Oei ◽  
Chi Meng Chu ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
Nyx Ng ◽  
Carl Yeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood
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