Complex Relationships Among Masculine Norms and Health/Well-Being Outcomes: Correlation Patterns of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory Subscales

The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) is a widely used multidimensional scale. Studies using the CMNI most often report only total scale scores, which are predominantly associated with negative outcomes. Various studies since the CMNI’s inception in 2003 using subscales have reported both positive and negative outcomes. The current content analysis examined studies ( N = 17) correlating the 11 subscales with 63 criterion variables across 7 categories. Most findings were consistent with past research using total scale scores that reported negative outcomes. For example, conformity to masculine norms has been inversely related to help-seeking and positively correlated with concerning health variables, such as substance use. Nonetheless, past reliance on total scores has obscured the complexity of associations with the CMNI in that 30% of the findings in the present study reflected positive outcomes, particularly for health promotion. Subscales differed in their relationships with various outcomes: for one subscale they were predominantly positive, but six others were mostly negative. The situational and contextual implications of conformity to masculine norms and their relationships to positive and negative outcomes are discussed.

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Conformity to masculine norms and its effects on men’s well-being

Годишен зборник на Филозофскиот факултет/The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje ◽

10.37510/godzbo2073171k ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 171-182

Author(s):

Nikolina Kenig

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Conformity To Masculine Norms ◽

Masculine Norms

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Factors Relating to College Football Players’ Conformity to Traditional Masculine Norms

The Journal of Men s Studies ◽

10.1177/10608265211004557 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106082652110045

Author(s):

J. Andy Walsh ◽

Lindsey C. Blom ◽

Jocelyn Bolin ◽

Sharon Bowman

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Personal Growth ◽

Athletic Identity ◽

Well Being ◽

College Football ◽

Emotional Control ◽

Football Players ◽

Positive Relationships ◽

Conformity To Masculine Norms ◽

Masculine Norms

Conforming to masculine norms can lead to depression and anxiety in men. Athletic identity may affect conformity to masculine norms, specifically in college football players. This study explored the relationships among conformity to masculine norms, athletic identity, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in 110 male college football players. The main findings convey as football players’ conformity to masculine norms increase, their athletic identity increases while their personal growth, life satisfaction and positive relationships decrease. This was specifically true for the areas of conformity to norms related to sexual relationships, winning, and emotional control/expression; as conformity scores to these norms increased, experiences with positive relationships and personal growth decreased. Furthermore, athletes who played football longer and older were less likely to conform to the norms around emotional control, than athletes with less football experience or younger in age. No group differences were found.

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What’s Right With Men? Gender Role Socialization and Men’s Positive Functioning

American Journal of Men s Health ◽

10.1177/1557988318806074 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 155798831880607 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian P. Cole ◽

Michael Baglieri ◽

Scott Ploharz ◽

Margaret Brennan ◽

Michael Ternes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Role ◽

Role Conflict ◽

Gender Role Conflict ◽

Well Being ◽

Positive Functioning ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Conformity To Masculine Norms ◽

Masculine Norms ◽

Trait Hope ◽

And Gender

This study explored relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, hope, and psychological well-being among a sample of 389 men from a university, with a predominantly White student body, located in the Midwestern United States. Bivariate correlations revealed that men’s conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict were positively correlated. Bivariate correlations revealed no significant relations between conformity to masculine norms, trait hope, and psychological well-being. Gender role conflict was associated with decreased hope and psychological well-being. Results of path analysis explained relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, trait hope, and psychological well-being. This indicates that gender role conflict may contribute to lower trait hope and psychological well-being for college men. Although several aspects of conformity to masculine norms had positive associations with hope, these relations were significant and negative when men experienced gender role conflict. This work fills an important gap in the literature by examining the unique relations of conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict to men’s positive functioning. Results are discussed within the context of positive psychological theories including Frederickson’s broaden and build theory of positive emotions, hope theory, Ryff’s model of psychological well-being, and self-determination theory. Implications and future directions are discussed.

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Male Barroom Aggression among Members of the Australian Construction Industry: Associations with Heavy Episodic Drinking, Trait Variables and Masculinity Factors

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6769

Author(s):

Steven Litherland ◽

Peter Miller ◽

Nic Droste ◽

Kathryn Graham

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Heavy Drinking ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Past Research ◽

Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽

Personality Profiles ◽

Conformity To Masculine Norms ◽

Masculine Norms ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

The Impact

Introduction and Aims: Past research indicates heavy episodic drinking (HED), trait aggression, male honour and conformity to masculine norms are risk factors for male barroom aggression (MBA) perpetration. However, little is known about the impact of these variables on experiences of MBA victimization. Further, data derived previously, particularly in relation to perpetration have come from relatively low-risk samples comprising university students, limiting the generalizability of findings to other, at-risk male groups. Thus, the present study assessed the impact of the aforementioned variables as well as personality constructs of impulsivity and narcissism on both the perpetration of and victimization from MBA among a high-risk sample sourced from male members of the Australian construction industry. Method: A purposive sample of Australian male construction workers aged 18 to 69 years (n = 476, Mage = 25.90, SDage = 9.44) completed individual interviews at their current place of employment or while training at various trade schools in Geelong and Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Items related to past month HED, past year experiences of verbal and physical MBA (perpetration and victimization), trait aggression’s four factors (physical, verbal, anger, hostility), impulsivity, narcissism, male honour and conformity to masculine norms. Results: Participants reported high levels of verbal (24.2%) and physical (21%) MBA perpetration and verbal (33.6%) and physical (31.1%) MBA victimization. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses identified HED as the strongest predictor of aggression involvement, while trait physical aggression, trait anger, narcissism and conformity to norms endorsing violence and a need to win were significantly and positively associated with MBA perpetration. Conclusions: The present study reinforces the key relationships between heavy drinking and aspects of personality and MBA, while also highlighting narcissism as a risk factor for barroom aggression perpetration. Indeed, personality profiles and HED appear to exert stronger influences on MBA perpetration than socially constructed masculinity factors, most of which were unrelated to aggression involvement in bars, clubs or pubs.

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Attachment Anxiety Mitigates the Well-Being Costs of Object Attachment

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 41-56

Author(s):

Lucas A. Keefer ◽

Zachary K. Rothschild

Keyword(s):

Past Research ◽

Well Being ◽

Attachment Anxiety ◽

Current Paper ◽

Personality Research ◽

Psychological Correlates ◽

State Study ◽

Object Attachment ◽

Diary Methods ◽

State Variation

Abstract. Clinical and personality research consistently demonstrates that people can form unhealthy and problematic attachments to material possessions. To better understand this tendency, the current paper extends past research demonstrating that anxieties about other people motivate these attachments. These findings suggest that although object attachment generally correlates with poorer well-being, it may attenuate well-being deficits associated with insecurity about close relationships. The current paper presents two studies using converging correlational ( N = 394) and diary methods ( N = 413) to test whether object attachments’ association with poorer well-being is moderated by relationship uncertainties. We find that both trait (Study 1) and state (Study 2) insecurities about others eliminated, and in some cases reversed, the negative psychological correlates of object attachment. These effects, however, were only observed when focusing on between-person variation in both studies; within-person analysis demonstrated that state variation in object attachment predicted better psychological well-being. These results highlight a need for more nuanced studies of object attachment and well-being.

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