Can masked synonym priming replicate masked translation priming?

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2554-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Witzel
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Masked Translation Priming ◽  
Robust Evidence

This study examines whether synonyms are represented similarly to translation equivalents in the bilingual mind. In particular, this study investigated whether there is masked synonym priming such that it will simulate masked translation priming in the L1-L2 direction. Given that masked translation priming studies consistently show priming in the L1-L2 direction, it was predicted that synonyms should show a masked priming effect if the prime was higher in frequency than the target. Contrary to what Bilingual Interactive Activation models would predict, there was no priming for synonyms in the high-to-low frequency (HF-LF) condition or in the low-to-high frequency (LF-HF) condition in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 only tested the HF-LF condition to ensure that previous exposure to LF words within the experiment did not affect the results. Again, no HF-LF synonym priming was observed. The effect sizes of these synonym priming effects were comparable with that of L2-L1 translation priming, all of which were weak. This is not surprising given that semantic interpretation of a given word usually occurs post-lexically and requires partial awareness. What is surprising is that there is robust evidence showing strong L1-L2 masked translation priming effect, which bilingual lexical processing models should attempt to explain, thereby uncovering the relations between L1 words and their L2 translations.

Masked Translation Priming Effects With Highly Proficient Simultaneous Bilinguals

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Memory Organization ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Bilingual Memory ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Masked Translation Priming

One essential issue for models of bilingual memory organization is to what degree the representation from one of the languages is shared with the other language. In this study, we examine whether there is a symmetrical translation priming effect with highly proficient, simultaneous bilinguals. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with cognate and noncognate translation equivalents. Results showed a significant masked translation priming effect for both cognates and noncognates, with a greater priming effect for cognates. Furthermore, the magnitude of the translation priming was similar in the two directions. Thus, highly fluent bilinguals do develop symmetrical between-language links, as predicted by the Revised Hierarchical model and the BIA+ model. We examine the implications of these results for models of bilingual memory.

On the Flexibility of Letter Position Coding During Lexical Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Heather Winskel ◽  
Theeraporn Ratitamkul
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Initial Letter ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding ◽  
Alphabetic Language

In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written without spaces between words (i.e., there is a degree of ambiguity in relation to which word a given letter belongs to) and (ii) some of the vowels are misaligned (e.g., [Formula: see text]/ε:bn/ is pronounced as /bε:n/), whereas others are not (e.g., [Formula: see text]/a:p/ is pronounced as /a:p/). We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with 3–4 letter Thai words (with vs. without an initial misaligned vowel) in which the prime was: (i) identical to the target, (ii) a nonword generated by transposing the two initial letters of the target, or (iii) a replacement-letter control nonword. Results showed a significant masked transposed-letter priming effect in the initial letter positions, which was similar in size for words with and without an initial misaligned vowel. These findings reflect that: (i) letter position coding in Thai is very flexible and (ii) the nature of the obtained priming effects is orthographic rather than phonological.

Cross-script L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in lexical decision depends on L2 proficiency: Evidence from Japanese–English bilinguals

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIKO NAKAYAMA ◽  
KEISUKE IDA ◽  
STEPHEN J. LUPKER
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Null Results ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Japanese English ◽  
Masked Translation Priming ◽  
Sense Model

Previous research with unbalanced, different-script bilinguals has typically produced null L2-L1 noncognate masked translation priming effects in lexical decision tasks (LDT). Two novel models of the bilingual mental lexicon have emerged to account for these null results: the episodic L2 hypothesis and the Sense model. In contrast, the BIA+ model predicts significant priming whenever bilinguals are sufficiently proficient in L2. Using Japanese–English bilinguals, the role of L2 proficiency in L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in an LDT was examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, significant priming effects were observed for highly proficient bilinguals. In contrast, in Experiment 3, less-proficient bilinguals produced a null priming effect. This pattern demonstrates that L2-L1 priming effects do arise in an LDT and those effects are modulated by L2 proficiency, consistent with the BIA+ model's expectations. The pattern can be also explained by the episodic L2 hypothesis, provided that certain modifications are made to its assumptions.

Masked translation priming with semantic categorization: Testing the Sense Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIN WANG ◽  
KENNETH I. FORSTER
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Masked Translation Priming ◽  
Sense Model

Four experiments are reported which were designed to test hypotheses concerning the asymmetry of masked translation priming. Experiment 1 confirmed the presence of L2–L1 priming with a semantic categorization task and demonstrated that this effect was restricted to exemplars. Experiment 2 showed that the translation priming effect was not due to response congruence. Experiment 3 replicated this finding, and demonstrated that the 150 ms backward mask that had been used in earlier translation priming experiments was not essential. Finally, it was demonstrated in Experiment 4 that L2–L1 priming was not obtained for an ad hoc category, indicating that priming was not obtained merely because the task required semantic interpretation. These results provide further support for the Sense Model proposed by Finkbeiner et al. (2004).

Translation Priming Between the Native Language and a Second Language

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Duyck ◽  
Nele Warlop
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Translation Equivalent ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Masked Translation Priming

During the last two decades, bilingual research has adopted the masked translation priming paradigm as a tool to investigate the architecture of the bilingual language system. Although there is now a consensus about the existence of forward translation priming (from native language primes (L1) to second language (L2) translation equivalent targets), the backward translation priming effect (from L2 to L1) has only been reported in studies with bilinguals living in an L2 dominant environment. In a lexical decision experiment, we obtained significant translation priming in both directions, with unbalanced Dutch-French bilinguals living in an L1 dominant environment. Also, we demonstrated that these priming effects do not interact with a low-level visual prime feature such as font size. The obtained backward translation priming effect is consistent with the model of bilingual lexicosemantic organization of Duyck and Brysbaert (2004), which assumes strong mappings between L2 word forms and underlying semantic representations.

The effect of age of L2 acquisition on the organization of the bilingual lexicon: Evidence from masked priming

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA SABOURIN ◽  
CHRISTIE BRIEN ◽  
MICHELE BURKHOLDER
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Early English ◽  
Cross Language

This study investigates the role of age of acquisition (AoA) on the bilingual mental lexicon. Four groups of participants were tested: (i) English native speakers with minimal exposure to French; (ii) late English–French bilinguals; (iii) early English–French bilinguals; and (iv) simultaneous English–French bilinguals. We used a masked priming paradigm to investigate early, automatic lexical processing at the semantic level by testing both a within-language semantic condition and a cross-language translation condition. AoA was investigated both through group effects and a correlation analysis. We found significant translation priming effects for the simultaneous and early bilinguals only, and a significant correlation between AoA and translation priming effects. Due to the matched L2 proficiency of the early and late bilinguals, these results support our hypothesis that an early AoA, regardless of L2 proficiency, is crucial in order to find the L2-to-L1 priming effects that have often been elusive in recent studies.

An examination of L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in the lexical decision task: insights from distributional and frequency-based analyses

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIKO NAKAYAMA ◽  
STEPHEN J. LUPKER ◽  
YOSHIHIRO ITAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Target Frequency ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Japanese English ◽  
Very High

The main fact that is currently known about the nature of masked L2-L1 noncognate translation priming effects in the lexical decision task is simply that those effects are significant in some studies but not in others. In an effort to better understand these effects, we examined the data pattern for very proficient Japanese–English bilinguals using RT distributional analyses. We also examined the impacts of prime and target frequency on the priming effect. Significant priming was present even on the fastest trials, becoming larger on slower trials. Nonetheless, priming effects were generally constant across prime and target frequency with the only exception being when very high frequency L2 primes were used. In that situation, priming and target frequency were negatively related, a result that essentially produced the observed pattern of increasing priming on slower trials. Implications of these results and potential reasons for the presence/absence of L2-L1 priming effects are discussed.

Masked onset priming effect for high-frequency words: Further support for the speech-planning account

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Malouf ◽  
Sachiko Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Speech Planning ◽  
Speech Response ◽  
Target Words ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments investigated whether priming due to a match in just the onset between a masked prime and target is found with high-frequency target words. Forster and Davis (1991, Exp. 5) reported that the masked onset priming effect was absent for high-frequency words and used the finding to argue that the effect has its locus in the grapheme–phoneme mapping process that operates serially within the nonlexical route. Experiment 1 used primes that were unrelated to targets and found a masked onset priming effect of equal size for high-frequency and low-frequency target words. Experiment 2 used form-related primes as used by Forster and Davis, and again found that the effect of onset mismatch was not dependent on target word frequency. These results are interpreted in terms of an alternative view that the masked onset priming effect has its origin in the process of preparing a speech response.

Dissociating early and late visual processing via the Ebbinghaus illusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
FILIPP SCHMIDT ◽  
ANDREAS WEBER ◽  
ANKE HABERKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
The Difference

AbstractVisual perception is not instantaneous; the perceptual representation of our environment builds up over time. This can strongly affect our responses to visual stimuli. Here, we study the temporal dynamics of visual processing by analyzing the time course of priming effects induced by the well-known Ebbinghaus illusion. In slower responses, Ebbinghaus primes produce effects in accordance with their perceptual appearance. However, in fast responses, these effects are reversed. We argue that this dissociation originates from the difference between early feedforward-mediated gist of the scene processing and later feedback-mediated more elaborate processing. Indeed, our findings are well explained by the differences between low-frequency representations mediated by the fast magnocellular pathway and high-frequency representations mediated by the slower parvocellular pathway. Our results demonstrate the potentially dramatic effect of response speed on the perception of visual illusions specifically and on our actions in response to objects in our visual environment generally.

Masked translation priming with cognates and noncognates: Is there an effect of words’ concreteness?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
PILAR FERRÉ ◽  
ROSA SÁNCHEZ-CASAS ◽  
MONTSERRAT COMESAÑA ◽  
JOSEP DEMESTRE
Keyword(s):  
Word Type ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Feature Model ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
First Time ◽  
Masked Translation Priming

In the domain of bilingualism, a main issue of interest has been to determine whether the two languages are shared at a conceptual level and which variables modulate the access to the conceptual system. In this study, we focused on the effects of two variables related to word-type. We tested proficient unbalanced Spanish–English bilinguals in a masked translation priming paradigm conducted in the two translation directions (L1 to L2, and L2 to L1), by orthogonally manipulating for the first time concreteness and cognate status. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was also manipulated (50 ms vs 100 ms). Results revealed modulations in masked priming effects as a function of cognate status and translation direction. However, the effect of concreteness was only observed at the long SOA. The findings are discussed in light of the most relevant models of bilingual memory, mainly the Distributed Feature Model (de Groot, 1992a).

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