Redemption or forfeiture? Understanding diversity in Australians’ attitudes to parole

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Fitzgerald ◽  
Arie Freiberg ◽  
Lorana Bartels
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
National Study ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Offender Rehabilitation ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Public Views ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

Recent Australian reforms to parole following high-profile violations are premised on a purported public desire for greater restrictions on the use of parole. These changes reflect the tendency of legislatures to presume that the public is largely punitive and invoke a ‘forfeiture’ of rights rationale that weakens support for offender rehabilitation. We consider whether restricting parole is based on a sound reading of public views. Drawing on a national study of public opinion on parole in Australia, we use a latent variable approach to look for distinct patterns in attitudes to parole and re-entry. We also examine what factors explain these patterns. The results support the conclusion that appealing to a public belief in offenders’ ability to change may be the most effective way to increase public confidence in parole systems.

scholarly journals Whistleblowing or leaking? Public opinion toward Assange, Manning, and Snowden

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316802090458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Touchton ◽  
Casey A. Klofstad ◽  
Jonathan P. West ◽  
Joseph E. Uscinski
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Government Secrecy ◽  
Partisan Competition ◽  
Public Views

The release of classified documents through outlets like WikiLeaks has transformed American politics by shedding light on the innerworkings of governments, parties, and corporations. The high-profile criminal cases associated with such releases – those of Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden – have highlighted important questions about journalism, government secrecy, and the public’s “right to know.” Scholars have focused on the journalistic and legalistic implications but have yet to explore how the public views those who release classified materials, and what factors affect those views. Using data from the 2018 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we provide results from three embedded experiments testing the effects of two forms of framing on favorability ratings toward Assange, Manning, and Snowden. The first frame addresses partisanship (i.e., which party is injured by the release) and the second addresses how the action is framed (i.e., did the person “leak” or “blow the whistle”). The data show that both the party and leaking/whistleblowing frames significantly affect favorability in expected ways. The release of classified materials comes with both costs and benefits, but public opinion appears to be more sensitive to its implications for partisan competition.

scholarly journals Modeling Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Solt
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Latent Variable Approach ◽  
Cross National

The study of public opinion in comparative context has been hampered by data that is sparse, that is, unavailable for many countries and years; incomparable, i.e., ostensibly addressing the same issue but generated by different survey items; or, most often, both. Questions of representation and of policy feedback on public opinion, for example, cannot be explored fully from a cross-national perspective without comparable time-series data for many countries that span their respective times of policy adoption. Recent works (Claassen 2019; Caughey, O'Grady, and Warshaw 2019) have introduced a latent variable approach to the study of comparative public opinion that maximizes the information gleaned from available surveys to overcome issues of sparse and incomparable data and allow comparativists to examine the dynamics of public opinion. This paper advances this field of research by presenting a new model and software for estimating latent variables of public opinion from cross-national survey data that yield superior fit and more quantities of theoretical interest than previous works allow.

Distinguishing Adequate Versus Inadequate Cancer Health Literacy Levels: A Discrete Latent Variable Approach

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levent Dumenci ◽  
Robin Matsuyama ◽  
Robert Perera ◽  
Laura Kuhn ◽  
Laura Siminoff
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

Executive Functions and Metacognitive Monitoring Are Not Interchangeable in Educational Settings: Their Shared and Unique Contribution to Academic Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina PY Lai ◽  
Michelle Renee Ellefson ◽  
Claire Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Metacognitive Monitoring ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

Executive functions and metacognition are two cognitive predictors with well-established connections to academic performance. Despite sharing several theoretical characteristics, their overlap or independence concerning multiple academic outcomes remain under-researched. To address this gap, the present study applies a latent-variable approach to test a novel theoretical model that delineates the structural link between executive functions, metacognition, and academic outcomes. In whole-class sessions, 469 children aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.93; SD = 0.92) completed four computerized executive function tasks (inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning), a self-reported metacognitive monitoring questionnaire, and three standardized tests of academic ability. The results suggest that executive functions and metacognitive monitoring are not interchangeable in the educational context and that they have both shared and unique contributions to diverse academic outcomes. The findings are important for elucidating the role between two domain-general cognitive skills (executive functions and metacognition) and domain-specific academic skills.

scholarly journals Stability of Core Language Skill from Early Childhood to Adolescence: A Latent Variable Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1346-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Chun-Shin Hahn ◽  
Diane L. Putnick ◽  
Joan T. D. Suwalsky
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Language Skill ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Core Language ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

Do Body-Worn Cameras Change Law Enforcement Arrest Behavior? A National Study of Local Police Departments

2020 ◽  
pp. 027507402098268
Author(s):  
Sunyoung Pyo
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
National Study ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black And White ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Disparate Treatment ◽  
High Crime

Controlling police officers’ discretionary behavior during public encounters has been an important issue in U.S. policing, especially following several high-profile police-involved deaths of racial minorities. In response, body-worn cameras (BWCs) were introduced to enhance police accountability by providing police managers an opportunity to monitor police–public encounters. Although many U.S. local police departments have now implemented BWC programs, evidence of program effects on daily police behavior has been limited. This study therefore focuses on whether officers’ arrest behavior changes when they perceive that BWCs are recording their interactions with the public. By conducting a difference-in-differences analysis using 142 police departments, I found that BWCs have negative and small treatment effects on arrest rates and null effects on the racial disparity between numbers of Black and White arrests. These findings imply that officers may become slightly more cautious in the use of arrests after wearing BWCs, but BWCs do not change their overall disparate treatment of Black versus White suspects. The results further indicate that the effects of BWCs on arrests are prominent in municipalities with high crime rates or a high proportion of non-White residents, which suggests that BWC programs demonstrate different effects according to the characteristics of communities served.

Structure of Health-enhancing Behavior in Adolescence: A Latent-Variable Approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Donovan ◽  
Richard Jessor ◽  
Frances M. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

scholarly journals Depression, Rumination, and Impulsive Action: A Latent Variable Approach to Behavioral Impulsivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Akira Hasegawa ◽  
Keita Somatori ◽  
Haruki Nishimura ◽  
Yosuke Hattori ◽  
Yoshihiko Kunisato
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Impulsive Action ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Latent Variable Approach ◽  
Behavioral Impulsivity
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