Which Stakeholders’ Sector Matters in Rural Development? That Is the Problem

In the age of COVID, the regaining of economies appears mostly imperative, and rural areas could play a crucial role in this framework. The question of inhabitants’ dispersion and low density, and the exodus of rural people to bigger urban centers have determined an adverse effect on rural development. Rural isolation rises to be a higher order good, delivering a higher degree of security in the pandemic context for those seeking refuge from gatherings of cities. Rural areas provide food, natural environments, and resources that help occupations, development, and wealth trends and preserve cultural heritage. Consequently, rural spaces are vital for several motives and thus it is essential to focus on issue of rural development, especially since lacking rural development does not allow dialoging about development in a regional and/or national perspective. This paper investigates the stakeholders’ impact on rural development, by considering the increasing role of stakeholders as well as the specificity of the diverse objectives pursued by these groups. As there are several stakeholder groups, attention was sweeping, defining them in a sectoral way to corporate, sciences, public administrations, and society. Where there was a need to distinguish among these sectors groups of stakeholders in a more detailed way, such identification took place, for example, in relation to social leaders. The analysis of the results of the questionnaire survey performed in 2020 aimed to accomplish the identified purposes of the paper. The online survey using the CAWI method was conducted in southeastern Poland among people representing all stakeholder groups. The outcomes of the investigation indicate the great prominence of business in the development of rural areas being able to generate added value and influence the increase of entity potential.

Secondary Analysis for Digitized Data

Secondary analysis for quantitative data is a social research method traditionally employed for statistical analysis of administrative data. In the new digital society, this old research method that pre-existed the emergence of the new digital environment has been digitized to carry out its valuable activity in doing science. In this chapter, the secondary analysis for digitized data is illustrated. Thanks to the growing availability of datasets digitized on the web, the scholars of social well-being use the secondary analysis to inquiry this phenomenon through a cross-national perspective. The authors present the empirical study of World Love Index, in which the utility of the secondary analysis in finding and selecting valid indicators of social well-being is experienced.

The Relationship Between the European Union Law and the Double Tax Treaties

The European Union law (EU law) and the international law are two different but complementary systems. The variety of cases, the dynamic matter, as well as the many legislative changes both from international and national perspective in the field of direct taxes, gives rise to the necessity to delineate the boundaries between the EU law and the international law. This would help to ensure the proper law enforcement and to limit the possible conflicts between them. In the present paper, through a comparative legal analysis of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the scope of the EU law is derived, as well as its interaction with international law. This helps to draw conclusions about their relationship, and in particular in the observance of their hierarchy in practical cases.

Longitudinal cross-national perspectives on female desistance: The role of social and emotional capitals in female narrations of maintaining change

This paper offers a unique longitudinal qualitative perspective on a group of women maintaining desisting pathways in two different European countries: Sweden and England. Applying a social and emotional capital framework, with particular attention given to the friend and family connection, the paper aims to unveil how a resource perspective can enable a more nuanced view of the role of overlapping female identities and network management, the paradoxes of trust within these, and experiences of stigmatisation and emotional expenditure in female desistance narratives across time and space. The cross-national perspective brings to light the importance of situating the desistance process in the particular context in which it plays out, making visible how narratives may be structurally mediated by wider social, cultural, penal – and gendered – conditions and processes. These insights may, in turn, contribute to the identification of desistance support that have the potential to make female desistance paths less socially and emotionally costly.

Assessing regional performance for the Sustainable Development Goals in Italy

The monitoring report on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a global context involves a large number of actors as it represents probably the biggest change that our society is implementing. Actions at all levels, from local, regional and national to the aggregation of multiple countries (e.g. EU 27) are needed to achieve a sustainable future. This work focuses on a national perspective (Italy) where multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is used to measure current performance. A sustainability score for each region is calculated from a set of 175 indicators contained in all 17 SDGs. Additionally, sustainability scores are disaggregated along the three pillars – social (1–5, 10, 16, and 17), environmental (6, 13–15) and economic (7–9, 11, and 12). The results highlight the positive performance of northern regions and, in particular, of Trentino Alto Adige, which ranks first in the two considered scenarios. In addition, the relevance of territorial specificities emerges for which the analysis of individual SDGs shows different leading regions. It is noteworthy to highlight the performance of the environmental sub-group of SDGs in southern regions, in contrast to the social and economic sub-groups. Evidently, policy actions are needed to reduce the long-lasting North/South divide—yet the highlighted heterogeneous sustainability performance along the three dimensions calls for well targeted policy measures necessary to regain competitiveness at a European and global level, without compromising with environmental sustainability.

Governance

The creation of every social programme entails decisions about governance—about how these programmes are to be funded and administered. Policymakers have made varying choices about the territorial organization of social programme governance, as well as the mix of public and private actors involved in their financing, administration, and delivery. These decisions are highly consequential, shaping the relative power of different constituencies and governing bodies. Governance systems also reflect views about central versus local power, the role of religious and other groups in social provision, and the balance between markets versus states in providing for human welfare needs. This chapter examines social programme governance from a historical and a cross-national perspective to elucidate key patterns and trends. The first half of the chapter focuses on the public–private mix in welfare governance, while the second explores territorial governance, with a specific focus on federalism. One important theme in this chapter concerns the need to challenge assumptions that welfare states are monolithic, highly centralized, and state dominated. Instead, contemporary welfare regimes are mixed systems in which policy development and implementation often take place through non-state actors and/or at subnational levels of government.

The Significant Factors in Industrial Conflict, with Special Reference to Three New Zealand Industries

<p>The scope of this study is broader than that of most others on industrial conflict and encompasses individual and employer-initiated forms of conflict as well as stoppages. Industrial conflict is a complex concept and there is consequently a need for an explicit ordering of ideas. Our theoretical discussion in Part 1 is aimed at providing a general framework for later empirical analysis. It begins with a conceptualization of industrial conflict which embraces many causes, settings, parties and forms. The more important of these forms are outlined before factors influencing the distribution of industrial conflict are surveyed. It ends with an investigation of the ways in which the economic effects of such conflict may be observed and to some extent measured. Three industries, meat freezing, building and construction, and waterfront, account for a disproportionate amount of industrial conflict in New Zealand and it is on these that the empirical analysis of this thesis centres. In order to understand the context of conflict in these industries, their economic, technical and organisational environments are outlined in Part 2. Part 3 contains the empirical investigation itself, beginning with the place of these three industries in the national perspective and then dealing with the industries in turn. In each case, both official statistics and material obtained by interviews and questionnaires are used to analyze conflict in detail and to evaluate possible factors shaping it. No simple conflict patterns are found. These industries are, for example, stoppage prone but all contain several units which are virtually stoppage free. But in each industry certain fundamental features are found to be influential in shaping the patterns. Of prime importance is the technology, although economic features, such as the nature of worker remuneration, ownership patterns and the level of throughput, are also important. These conclusions are summarised in Part 4 where it is noted that, while the three industries have features predisposing them toward conflict, our understanding of and command over these features can be improved.</p>

The Significant Factors in Industrial Conflict, with Special Reference to Three New Zealand Industries

<p>The scope of this study is broader than that of most others on industrial conflict and encompasses individual and employer-initiated forms of conflict as well as stoppages. Industrial conflict is a complex concept and there is consequently a need for an explicit ordering of ideas. Our theoretical discussion in Part 1 is aimed at providing a general framework for later empirical analysis. It begins with a conceptualization of industrial conflict which embraces many causes, settings, parties and forms. The more important of these forms are outlined before factors influencing the distribution of industrial conflict are surveyed. It ends with an investigation of the ways in which the economic effects of such conflict may be observed and to some extent measured. Three industries, meat freezing, building and construction, and waterfront, account for a disproportionate amount of industrial conflict in New Zealand and it is on these that the empirical analysis of this thesis centres. In order to understand the context of conflict in these industries, their economic, technical and organisational environments are outlined in Part 2. Part 3 contains the empirical investigation itself, beginning with the place of these three industries in the national perspective and then dealing with the industries in turn. In each case, both official statistics and material obtained by interviews and questionnaires are used to analyze conflict in detail and to evaluate possible factors shaping it. No simple conflict patterns are found. These industries are, for example, stoppage prone but all contain several units which are virtually stoppage free. But in each industry certain fundamental features are found to be influential in shaping the patterns. Of prime importance is the technology, although economic features, such as the nature of worker remuneration, ownership patterns and the level of throughput, are also important. These conclusions are summarised in Part 4 where it is noted that, while the three industries have features predisposing them toward conflict, our understanding of and command over these features can be improved.</p>

Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

By examining a suite of over 90 indicators for nine major U.S. fishery ecosystem jurisdictions, Link and Marshak systematically track the progress the U.S. has made toward advancing ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) and making it an operational reality. Covering a range of socioeconomic, governance, environmental forcing, major pressures, systems ecology, and fisheries criteria, they evaluate progress toward EBFM in the U.S., covering a wide range of longitude, latitude, and parts of major ocean basins, representing over 10% of the world’s ocean surface area. They view progress toward the implementation of EBFM as synonymous with improved management of living marine resources in general, and highlight lessons learned from a national perspective. Although US-centric, the lessons learned are applicable for all parts of the global ocean. Though much work remains, significant progress has been made to better address many of the challenges facing the sustainable management of our living marine resources.