Community policing on American Indian reservations: a preliminary investigation

In the 1970s, Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues found that neighborhood policing works better than metropolitan policing. Though Ostrom articulated design principles for self-governance, the early studies of neighborhood policing did not. In this paper, we articulate the design principles for self-governing policing, which we term Ostrom-Compliant Policing. We then apply this framework to an understudied case: policing on American Indian reservations. Policing in Indian country generally falls into one of three categories – federal policing (by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Federal Bureau of Investigation), state policing (by municipal and state police departments), and tribal policing (by tribal police departments) – that vary in the degree of centralization. Our main contribution is to show that tribal policing as it is practiced in the United States, which claims to be self-governing, is not Ostrom-Compliant. Thus, our approach offers insight into why high crime remains an ongoing challenge in much of Indian country even when tribes have primary control over policing outcomes. This does not mean centralization is better, or that self-governance of policing does not work. Rather, our research suggests that a greater tribal autonomy over-policing and meta-political changes to federal rules governing criminal jurisdictions is necessary to implement Ostromian policing.

Trauma and Social Work in South Africa, Need for a Comprehensive Trauma Intervention Model for Social Workers

A significant proportion of South Africans are exposed to traumatic life experiences annually. The trauma is exacerbated by high crime rate which ranges from murder, violence, house breaking and theft. The trauma victims end up in the hands of social workers who are ill prepared to deal with such clients. The motivation for this study was built on assessments that indicated at the time of the study that social work students in South Africa receive little or no training on trauma and trauma intervention. The purpose of this literature study was to draw together relevant knowledge on trauma in South Africa, trauma intervention and the importance of trauma intervention training for social workers in South Africa. Articles reviewed were identified through search engines such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, ProQuest, EBSCOHost, Boloka-NWU Institutional Repository (NWU-IR), Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science were the databases and search engines utilized in the search. The inclusion criteria that were used to help identify relevant and recent studies using key words regarding the topic of trauma, were chapters in books; conference proceedings; full-text journal articles and higher degree papers. The literature consulted exposes how South Africans are exposed to traumatic life events and provided a deeper understanding of the problem of trauma and trauma intervention. The literature study also clarified why it is critical to have a trauma intervention model for social workers in South Africa and provided guidelines for the development of the trauma intervention manual.

Community violence and academic achievement: High-crime neighborhoods, hotspot streets, and the geographic scale of “community”

Numerous studies have demonstrated a negative relationship between community violence and youth academic achievement, but they have varied in their geographic definition of “community,” especially as it relates to proximity to students’ residences. We extend this by considering the independent relationships between academic achievement and violent events (from 911 dispatches; e.g., gun shots) at the neighborhood (i.e., census tract) and street-block levels. We use data from standardized Math and English Language Arts (ELA) tests from Boston, MA for 2011–2013. Exposure to community violence was partially independent between streets and tracts, with some students living on low-crime streets in high-crime neighborhoods or high-crime streets in low-crime neighborhoods. Initial regression models found that differences in a neighborhood’s violent crime predicted up to a 3% difference in test scores on both Math and ELA tests. Students living on high-crime streets scored an additional 1% lower than neighbors on safer streets. Subsequent models with student-level fixed effects, however, eliminated these relationships, except for the effect of neighborhood-level violence on Math scores. These findings suggest that future work should consider community violence at both geographic scales, but that in this case the impacts were only consistent at the neighborhood level and associations at the street level were seemingly due to spatial segregation of households.

Re-awakening Cannons Creek: Revitalising the commercial centre

<p><b>As of last year, the Prime Minister and Minister of Housing and urban development has announced a 25-year project to regenerate Eastern Porirua. $1.5 billion will be contributed towards delivering better public housing as well as a safer and better neighbourhood. (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020) “This is a large, long investment to deliver a step-change for this strong vibrant community, who are amongst the most disadvantaged in New Zealand”(Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020).</b></p> <p>As of right now, Cannons Creek has a dying commercial centre that has been struggling for many years. Research has shown that many locals living in the area are familiar with their ‘negative reputation’ of an unsafe neighbourhood with high crime rates (James, n.d). Therefore, this has affected the community’s growing progress (James, n.d). Based through site observation, the centre has poor infrastructure, unused carpark spaces, and abandoned buildings. Therefore, the current state may encourage crime to occur around the area.</p> <p>Moreover, there is no place for social support, public information and other facilities a community would need.</p> <p>Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate ways of creating a liveable community by integrating an urban intervention into the area. In this context, intervention is defined as combining architecture and urban interventions to create a place of activity and social engagement. Cannons Creek will be revitalised into a vibrant community to live in.</p> <p>Eastern Porirua overall is slowly growing and changing, there is now more diversity within the population. The Transmission Gully that is set to finish within 2020 which will also add more value towards the land and people living in Porirua. There is now an opportunity to foster intensification within the suburbs town centres.</p>

Re-awakening Cannons Creek: Revitalising the commercial centre

<p><b>As of last year, the Prime Minister and Minister of Housing and urban development has announced a 25-year project to regenerate Eastern Porirua. $1.5 billion will be contributed towards delivering better public housing as well as a safer and better neighbourhood. (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020) “This is a large, long investment to deliver a step-change for this strong vibrant community, who are amongst the most disadvantaged in New Zealand”(Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020).</b></p> <p>As of right now, Cannons Creek has a dying commercial centre that has been struggling for many years. Research has shown that many locals living in the area are familiar with their ‘negative reputation’ of an unsafe neighbourhood with high crime rates (James, n.d). Therefore, this has affected the community’s growing progress (James, n.d). Based through site observation, the centre has poor infrastructure, unused carpark spaces, and abandoned buildings. Therefore, the current state may encourage crime to occur around the area.</p> <p>Moreover, there is no place for social support, public information and other facilities a community would need.</p> <p>Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate ways of creating a liveable community by integrating an urban intervention into the area. In this context, intervention is defined as combining architecture and urban interventions to create a place of activity and social engagement. Cannons Creek will be revitalised into a vibrant community to live in.</p> <p>Eastern Porirua overall is slowly growing and changing, there is now more diversity within the population. The Transmission Gully that is set to finish within 2020 which will also add more value towards the land and people living in Porirua. There is now an opportunity to foster intensification within the suburbs town centres.</p>

Laborer Identification and Monitoring System: Dactyloscopy on the Plantations of East Sumatra, 1926-1980

This study aims to explore and discuss laborer identification and monitoring systems on East Sumatran plantations during 1926-1980. It is focused on the implementation of dactyloscopy, archives that have never been researched it all, which had replaced the anthropometric identification system as the reference to determine the criminal justice system. The data used is the dactyloscopy archive in the office of the Sumatra Plantation Company Cooperation Agency and the Indonesian Plantation Museum in Medan City. Data were analyzed using a historiographic approach. The study found that dactyloscopy was part of the modernization of the administrative and bureaucratic systems in plantations. The novelty of the study that the implementation of dactyloscopy in plantation communities is in line with the high crime of labor against employers. Therefore, there is a major distinction in the implementation of dactyloscopy before and after the independence which has been influenced by the logic of colonialism and independence. During the colonialism period, dactyloscopy was used to identify and monitor taming laborersin plantations, while post-independence and nationalization it was used as a modern labor control system.

Care and educational activity of the Salesians in Prague in years of People's Poland

The Society of Saint Francis de Sales was founded by St. John Bosco. The guiding principle of the activities of the Salesians was to take care of abandoned and neglected youth. St. John Bosco (b. 1815, d. 1888), who had the good of young people at heart, launched his works in Turin and gave an example of how to make friendly contacts with young people who were waiting for understanding, spiritual support or the warmth of the family. Henceforth, he funded the Oratory, a place that was a substitute for a family home, where love for God and people was sown and deepened. In the Oratory created by John Bosco, his charges, usually vagrants, street children, people with prison experiences, met with understanding, spiritual values, kindness, help, in an atmosphere conducive to overcoming various types of mental crises, as well as material support. Don Bosco also ensured that they would receive education, mainly vocational one. Although he had no formal pedagogical education, St. John Bosco intuitively sensed the needs and expectations of young people. A distinctive characteristic of the educational method developed by St. John Bosco was its preventive system (pre-emptive, anticipatory). Its three pillars are reason, religion and educational love. In 1898 the Salesians came to Poland to Oświęcim where their Motherhouse still exists. After Poland had regained her independence and undergone structural changes, the parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was established in Warsaw's Praga district in 1919 and a few years later the Salesians officially took over the basilica, opening an oratory for abandoned, loitering youths in its basement. Praga was a working-class district populated mainly by poor and unemployed people, living in cramped flats with numerous offspring. In pursuit of earnings parents often did not have the time and skills to take care of their own children, hence there was a high crime rate in this district. The Salesians managed to create an educational community and appointed Fr. Ludwik Rupala, a strict follower of the instructions of St. John Bosco and one of the most outstanding educators with many years of teaching practice, to the position of the head of the Oratory. Rupala was in charge of the Oratory from 1934 until the outbreak of World War II. During the war, the Oratory could not function officially and it was only after 1945 that work with youth was resumed, but in a revised format. This change was dictated by the then prevailing communism in which religion was not tolerated, therefore the functions of the Oratory were taken over by altar boys. The authorities tried to make tutelage more difficult for the Salesians, who, in their eyes, were treated as followers of religion, an opium for the people. The scientific, socialist worldview was the leading theme in Polish schools, where there was no room for either religion or Catholic organizations that successfully functioned in the pre-war Polish education. Despite admonition from the church hierarchy regarding the removal of all religious elements from schools, the state authorities have not changed their position on this issue since 1947. Irrespectively of the position of the authorities, the Salesians unofficially continued their educational and pastoral work among the Praga children and youths, organizing summer holidays, providing shelter, developing interests, promoting culture, creating a healthy educational environment, cultivating Christian traditions by putting on Nativity plays and the Passion of the Lord, receiving the Eucharist. And the reluctance of the residents of both the district and the citizens of the country towards the new system has integrated them, as more and more young people clung to the Praga Oratory which was providing home warmth, religious education, entertainment, education and relaxation.

More Offenders, More Crime: Estimating the Size of the Offender Population in a Latin American Setting

Research that has examined the high levels of crime experienced in Latin American settings has suggested that macrostructural variables (such as social inequality), and factors associated with development and institutional capacity, offer explanations for these high crime levels. Although useful, these studies have yet to quantify how these explanations translate to the dynamics of offending activities. In the current study, we examine a key component related to offending dynamics: the size of the offender population. Using two capture-recapture techniques and a bootstrap simulation, estimates were generated of the sizes of the offender populations for three comparable cities in Brazil, Mexico, and England. Each of the techniques generated similar estimates for the offender population size for each city, but with these estimates varying substantially between the cities. This included the estimated offender population size for the Brazilian city being twenty-five times greater than that for the English city. Risk of arrest values were also generated, with these calculated to be substantially lower for the Brazilian and Mexican cities than for the English city. The results provide a quantification of criminal behavior that offers a potential new insight into the high levels of crime that are experienced in Latin American settings.

FUNERAL MATERIALISM AND THE EXOGENEOUS CHANGE AMONG THE URHOBO PEOPLE

This paper aimed at examining the financial involvement and exogenous changes associated with funeral ceremonies among the Urhobo people in recent time. It argues that over a period of time, from the era of colonialism in Nigeria, social change factors and processes such as urbanization, modernization and globalization have introduced continuous changes in the Nigerian culture of which the Urhobo culture as regards to funeral ceremony have greatly been affected. This paper observed that, due to response to new technology, innovative ideas and evolving values from home and abroad, special traditional passage rite for the dead have given way to mega parties for celebrations and show of affluence to friends and social clubs members. It is now difficult to see the tears of children and family members at interment venue rather, they are more concerned about entertaining their friends and associates in reception venues. Some problems generated by this modern trend are highlighted by this write up as; financial crises, stress and ill health, marital problem/divorce, drunkenness and high crime rate among others. This paper therefore concludes that this trend is posing serious threat to the unity, economic growth and development of the Urhobo Nation. It recommends among others, that Urhobo People should be re-socialized properly to imbibe the traditions and values of their culture.