scholarly journals What Drives Media Use in Authoritarian Regimes? Extending Selective Exposure Theory to Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wojcieszak ◽  
Erik C. Nisbet ◽  
Lea Kremer ◽  
Golnoosh Behrouzian ◽  
Carroll Glynn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Western Democracies

Most work on selective exposure comes from the United States or other western democracies and typically examines partisan attitudes as the cognitive or motivational drivers of selectivity. This study extends the boundary conditions of existing literature by studying the factors affecting media choice in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a drastically understudied context. Within the overarching framework of motivated reasoning, we propose two theoretically relevant factors that should drive selective exposure into regime media or non-regime alternatives in authoritarian contexts: (1) system-justifying attitudes and (2) regime-sanctioned identities, here religiosity. Relying on two different surveys conducted within Iran in 2012 and 2016, we find that religiosity strongly predicts the reliance on non-regime media in both studies, whereas system-justifying attitudes predict selectivity in Study 2. Theoretical implications for the selectivity literature are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of International Commercial Arbitration and International Law in Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Soheila Hashemi ◽  
Nader Mardani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
International Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

Arbitration is one of the most important solutions to end enmity and replace judicial inquest. As international trading is extended, referring to judgment to solve the conflicts caused by commercial contracts has been rapidly rising which is a result of judgment benefits over justice authorities. Fastness and efficiency, law inquest cost, compromise nature of selecting the referees, and professional selection are among the most evident specifications of arbitration. Furthermore, Iran’s involvement in the most significant judgment case of the last century i.e. the lawsuits filed between the Islamic Republic of Iran the United States of America after the victory of the revolution would double the essentiality of knowing this organization. Judgment may be either individual or organic (permanent) and also the number of referees needs to be one or three. The most important issue in the judge’s inquest is to follow two factors including independence and impartiality from the beginning until the end of the inquest process. Violating these characteristics or the lack of one of both or other descriptions predicted in the arbitration contract would result in its violation by one side of the conflict or both of them. In the present paper, a comparison is conducted between the commonalty and distinction of Iran’s international commercial arbitration in 1376 and international law.

scholarly journals Chronological Study of Iran-U.S Relations (1785-1997)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Baharak Partowazar ◽  
Fakhreddin Soltani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Pahlavi Dynasty ◽  
Diplomatic Relationship

Relationship between Iran and the United States started with a Trade Agreement during Qajar dynasty during Amir Kabir chancellorship, though formal diplomatic relationship was not established until 1944.During Pahlavi dynasty, their relationship improved and after the Islamic revolution their relationship transformedinto the hostility.Therefore, Iran-U.S relation has experienced complex changes. This article attempts to study major shifts in Iran-U.S relationssince Qajar dynasty until the end of Rafsanjani presidency in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Three Presidents, Three Conflicts

2020 ◽  
pp. 296-319
Author(s):  
Michael W. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Bush Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Interrogation Techniques ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Enhanced Interrogation

This chapter proposes an approach to the separation of powers that can be applied to presidents of all ideological stripes and personal dispositions. It cites George W. Bush and the authorization of torture, in which the Bush Administration authorized a written list of enhanced interrogation techniques, such as the notorious practice of water-boarding. It also covers President Obama's agreement between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran, along with certain other countries, under which Iran agreed to certain limitations on its development of nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of economic sanctions. The chapter describes the impeachment and acquittal of Donald Trump by the Senate as the most acrimonious separation-of-powers conflict in the tumultuous Trump years. It talks about the House vote on impeachment and the Senate vote on removal that surpassed the partisan impeachment and removal proceedings for President William Jefferson Clinton.

R. N. Pomeroy v. Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Government ◽  
Planning Development

Claimants, sole owners of capital stock in Pomeroy Corporation (Pomeroy), a Liberian corporation, filed a claim against respondent, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal for amounts allegedly due Pomeroy under a contract for the provision of planning, development and administrative services to the Iranian Navy. Respondent challenged the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, contending that claimants could not assert the contract rights of Pomeroy because it was not a national of the United States. In addition, respondent disputed the validity of the contract and, in the alternative, alleged that Pomeroy had breached the contract. Chamber Three rejected the jurisdictional challenge, holding, that since the claimants owned a controlling interest in the corporation, they indirectly owned the claims of the corporation. As U.S. nationals, they were proper parties to assert those claims before the Tribunal. The Chamber also held that a contract existed between the parties and awarded claimants amounts due for services rendered, an estimated amount for lost profits, and interest and costs.

Living with Iran

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
William O. Beeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Policy Problems

In the past nine years the Islamic Republic of Iran has posed the most difficult of all foreign policy problems for the United States—a problem usually confronted by marriage counselors rather than diplomats, for Iran is the nation that the United States cannot live with and cannot live without.

scholarly journals The facilitating role of sport in foreign relations of the US and Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Amirhosein Monazami
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Spearman Test

The soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, after fourteen years of it’s revolution, has been influenced by various macro and micro concepts that have been repeatedly challenged by Western countries, especially the United States; So, Islamic Republic of Iran, in light of recent years' successes in the international field of sports, including seventeenth among the 206 countries in the Olympic 2012 can use this capacity to expand its interactions in the international arena. The purpose of the present study was initially to explore the concepts of strengthening Iran's soft power through sport and to design a favorable paradigm for the development of diplomatic relations with Western countries, especially the United States. Then, SPSS and PLS software were used to investigate the correlation between variables based on Spearman test, exploratory factor analysis and finally structural and interpretive modeling of independent and dependent variables. The findings showed that seven factors of economic development, religious flow, transformation and communication, cultural exchange, national unity, political currents and peacebuilding were in four levels influenced by Iran's international sporting environment.

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