scholarly journals Gender differences in educational outcomes and the effect of family background: A comparative perspective from East Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-335
Author(s):  
Hideo Akabayashi ◽  
Kayo Nozaki ◽  
Shiho Yukawa ◽  
Wangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rich Information

There is wide variation in the degree of gender gap in test scores around the world, suggesting the strong influence of institutions, culture and inequality. We present comparative evidence on the gender gap in educational achievement in China, Japan, and the USA, with an emphasis on the gender-specific effect of parental income and education, and the child’s own preferences for study subjects. We used three major national representative longitudinal surveys with rich information about cognitive outcome measures of respondent children as well as educational investment and parental socio-economic status that allow us to analyze their inter-relationship. We found that low household income tends to have more adverse effects on language test scores for boys than for girls in the USA, as is consistent with previous studies. However, it does not have an impact on gender gap in test scores in China and tends to affect girls more adversely than boys in Japan.

scholarly journals School Quality and the Gender Gap in Educational Achievement

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Autor ◽  
David Figlio ◽  
Krzysztof Karbownik ◽  
Jeffrey Roth ◽  
Melanie Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Opposite Sex

Recent evidence indicates that boys and girls are differently affected by the quantity and quality of family inputs received in childhood. We assess whether this is also true for schooling inputs. Using matched Florida birth and school administrative records, we estimate the causal effect of school quality on the gender gap in educational outcomes by contrasting opposite-sex siblings who attend the same sets of schools--thereby purging family heterogeneity--and leveraging within-family variation in school quality arising from family moves. Investigating middle school test scores, absences and suspensions, we find that boys benefit more than girls from cumulative exposure to higher quality schools.

Do migrant children replicate their parents’ social economic status? Statistical analysis of educational achievement of migrant children in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Yali Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
School Type ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
Migrant Families

Using a large dataset from the China Educational Panel Survey (CEPS) of 2013–2014 (n=1,593), this paper identifies possible reasons that affect the academic achievement of students in grades 7 and 9 who come from migrant families, and explores whether schools with high teaching quality can remedy disadvantages of low socioeconomic backgrounds. Results of regression analyses show that, against common wisdom, we found that neither family finance nor father’s occupation significantly influence student academic performance. In addition, school type, either public or private (including special schools for children from migrant families), did not have significant influences on the achievement of those migrant children; only school ranking did. We conclude that public school resources cannot remedy the disadvantages of family background of migrant children, and migrant children do replicate the fate of their parents.

Bina Agarwal. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge, UKlNew Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 572pp.Hardbound.

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
Innovative Solutions

A Field of One's Own is a pioneering study on gender and property in South Asia. It argues that the gender gap in 'effective' ownership of property is the 'single most important' economic factor in explaining gender inequities in South Asia, where land ownership is not only a symbol of economic status but also of social prestige and political power. The author explores the complex, and often unrecognised, reasons for this gender gap and suggests some innovative solutions.

Psychometric Testing as an Unfair Labour Practice

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Taylor ◽  
E.J. Radford
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Moderator Variable ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
Labour Practice ◽  
The Usa

The concept of unfair labour practice has been introduced into South Africa through the Labour Relations Act and it is argued that certain psychometric testing practices can be interpreted as falling under the definition of an unfair labour practice. Empirical results are presented indicating that different ethnic groups obtain significantly different mean ability test scores. A case-study is cited to show that this would result in underprediction of performance on a criterion for the lower scoring of two groups if test scores are regarded as comparable. It is argued that any interpretation of psychometric data in South Africa that does not take account of possible differences between ethnic groups is likely to ignore a significant moderator variable, given the history of ethnically based discriminatory practices in this country. Arguments based on meta-analytical research in the USA, to the effect that psychometric ability tests do not discriminate unfairly against disadvantaged groups if the same tests and norms are used, should not be assumed to hold in South Africa. Various conceptions of what constitutes fairness in selection are considered, and it is concluded that there is a need for employers to make explicit in their selection policies the trade-off between economic and social costs of employment practices. Finally, some implications for users of psychometric tests in industry are considered, in order to forewarn of likely developments in this field.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood variation in the price of soda relative to milk and its association with neighbourhood socio-economic status and race

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3386-3396 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Kern ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Lance S Ballester ◽  
Lucy F Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Hispanic Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Census Block Group ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soda Consumption ◽  
Block Groups

AbstractObjectiveSoda consumption is high in the USA, especially among minorities and individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES); this may be due to its affordable price in relation to healthier alternatives. The objective of the present study was to examine geospatial variation in price of milk and soda, and the price of milk relative to soda, by neighbourhood SES and proportion of Hispanic and black individuals.DesignRetailer soda and milk prices (n 2987; Information Resources, Inc. Academic Data Set 2004–2011) were linked to census block group sociodemographic characteristics (American Community Survey 2005–2009). Linear hierarchical regression models were used to adjust for confounders.SettingLarge chain supermarkets and superstores (n 1743) in forty-one states and 1694 block groups (USA).ResultsFor equivalent fluid ounces, price of soda on average was 62 % lower than milk ($US 0·23 v. $US 0·63 per serving) and there was high dispersion in milk price across geographic areas. After adjustment for confounding, neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of black and Hispanic individuals tended to have lower soda prices and higher milk prices (−$US 0·001 and +$US 0·007 in price per serving, respectively, for a one quintile increase in black/Hispanic population), while soda and milk both became less expensive as SES decreased (–$US 0·002 and −$US 0·015 in serving price per one sd decrease in SES index, respectively).ConclusionsNeighbourhoods with a higher concentration of blacks and Hispanics may be at greater risk of higher soda consumption due to more affordable prices, in absolute terms and relative to the price of milk.

scholarly journals Reducing meat consumption in the USA: a nationally representative survey of attitudes and behaviours

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1835-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni A Neff ◽  
Danielle Edwards ◽  
Anne Palmer ◽  
Rebecca Ramsing ◽  
Allison Righter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Processed Meats ◽  
Motivation For Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractObjectiveExcess meat consumption, particularly of red and processed meats, is associated with nutritional and environmental health harms. While only a small portion of the population is vegetarian, surveys suggest many Americans may be reducing their meat consumption. To inform education campaigns, more information is needed about attitudes, perceptions, behaviours and foods eaten in meatless meals.DesignA web-based survey administered in April 2015 assessed meat reduction behaviours, attitudes, what respondents ate in meatless meals and sociodemographic characteristics.SettingNationally representative, web-based survey in the USA.SubjectsUS adults (n 1112) selected from GfK Knowledgeworks’ 50 000-member online panel. Survey weights were used to assure representativeness.ResultsTwo-thirds reported reducing meat consumption in at least one category over three years, with reductions of red and processed meat most frequent. The most common reasons for reduction were cost and health; environment and animal welfare lagged. Non-meat reducers commonly agreed with statements suggesting that meat was healthy and ‘belonged’ in the diet. Vegetables were most often consumed ‘always’ in meatless meals, but cheese/dairy was also common. Reported meat reduction was most common among those aged 45–59 years and among those with lower incomes.ConclusionsThe public and environmental health benefits of reducing meat consumption create a need for campaigns to raise awareness and contribute to motivation for change. These findings provide rich information to guide intervention development, both for the USA and other high-income countries that consume meat in high quantities.

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