Medical Risks and Benefits of Newborn Male Circumcision in the United States

Abstract:What is the value of surrogate labor and risks, and how is it negotiated by participants as they contract within an unsettled baby market? This article presents novel data on compensation, fee, and bodily autonomy provisions formalized in surrogacy contracts, and the experiences of actors embedded in exchange relations, as they emerge in a contested reproductive market. It combines content analysis of a sample of thirty surrogacy contracts with 115 semi-structured interviews conducted in twenty states across the United States of parties to these agreements, attorneys who draft them, counselors, and agencies that coordinate matches between intended parents and surrogates. It analyzes the value of services and medical risks, such as loss of a uterus, selective abortion, and “carrier incapacity,” as they are encoded into agreements within an ambiguous field. Surrogacy is presented as an interactive social process involving law, markets, medicine, and a variety of cultural norms surrounding gender, motherhood, and work. Contracts have actual and symbolic power, legitimating transactions despite moral anxieties. Compensation transforms pregnancy into a job while helping participants make sense of the market and their “womb work” given normative flux. Contracts are deployed by professionals without informed policies that could enhance power and reduce potential inequalities.

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Bioterrorism: Lessons Learned Since the Anthrax Mailings

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00232-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Michael J. Imperiale ◽

Arturo Casadevall

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Bacillus Anthracis ◽

Life Science ◽

Science Research ◽

The United States ◽

September 11 ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Content Type ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

September 11 Attacks

ABSTRACT In the fall of 2001, Bacillus anthracis spores were spread through letters mailed in the United States. Twenty-two people are known to have been infected, and five of these individuals died. Together with the September 11 attacks, this resulted in a reevaluation of the risks and benefits of life science research with the potential for misuse. In this editorial, we review some of the results of these discussions and their implications for the future.

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Antiepileptic Medication Use in Neurosurgical Patients

Medical Management of Neurosurgical Patients ◽

10.1093/med/9780190913779.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 74-87

Author(s):

Megan Margiotta ◽

Timothy Ambrose

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antiepileptic Drugs ◽

Medication Use ◽

The United States ◽

Inpatient Setting ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

Antiepileptic Medication ◽

Neurosurgical Patients ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Antiepileptic Medications

When caring for neurosurgical patients, many will either be started on a new antiepileptic medication or will be continued on a regimen that had been started prior to hospitalization. Because of this, it is important for a hospitalist to be familiar with the potential risks and benefits of these medications, even though they may be initiated by a neurosurgeon or neurologist. This chapter discusses several common antiepileptic drugs and their uses in the inpatient setting. This is not intended to be an exhaustive discussion; as of this writing, there are at least 27 unique antiepileptic medications available in the United States alone, with more being studied and produced.

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'Well, It's the Risk of the Unknown… Right?': A Qualitative Study of Perceived Risks and Benefits of HIV Cure Research in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0170112 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. e0170112 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Karine Dubé ◽

Jeff Taylor ◽

Laurie Sylla ◽

David Evans ◽

Lynda Dee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

The United States ◽

Hiv Cure ◽

Perceived Risks ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

Hiv Cure Research

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Promotion Versus Precaution: The Evolution of Biotechnology Policy in the United States

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123406000147 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 243-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

ADAM D. SHEINGATE

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Genetically Modified Crops ◽

The United States ◽

Commercial Development ◽

Precautionary Approach ◽

Congressional Hearings ◽

Policy Choices ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

Policy Domain

Biotechnology policy in the United States promotes the commercial development of genetically modified crops, yet adopts a precautionary approach when it comes to stem cells and cloning. In this article, the evolution of this bifurcated policy domain is traced. A detailed analysis of congressional hearings shows how distinctions between the products of biotechnology came to be reflected in the character of committees holding hearings, the attention to risks and benefits, and the pattern of interest-group activity in different biotechnology applications. It is argued that many of the differences that separate the United States and Europe in biotechnology reflect the way institutions reinforce past policy choices.

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Decline in Frequency of Newborn Male Circumcision After Change in Medicaid Coverage Status in Selected States in the United States

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354920971719 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003335492097171

Author(s):

Taron Torosian ◽

Joshua J. Quint ◽

Jeffrey D. Klausner

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Insurance ◽

Policy Change ◽

Male Circumcision ◽

Private Health Insurance ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The United States ◽

Medicaid Coverage ◽

Medicaid Policy ◽

Tract Infections

Objectives Male circumcision is linked to a reduction in the risk of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections, penile inflammatory skin disorders, cancers, urinary tract infections, and other complications. We examined the extent to which the change in circumcision recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1999 and Medicaid coverage status in states affected the total number of procedures performed. Methods We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 1998-2011 collected annually by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We examined data on all male births in the United States with Medicaid and private health insurance. We then categorized births into 4 groups: (1) births with newborn male circumcision procedure, (2) births with Medicaid or private health insurance, (3) births that occurred in states where Medicaid coverage for newborn male circumcision was removed, and (4) births that occurred before or after the policy change. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the adjusted odds of newborn male circumcision. Results In the 10 states where a change in Medicaid policy occurred, circumcision frequency had a mean percentage-point decrease of 21.4% among Medicaid beneficiaries and 3.2% among private health insurance beneficiaries from before to after the policy change. In states where coverage was maintained, the change in circumcision frequency was negligible for Medicaid and private health insurance beneficiaries. These changes resulted in an estimated 163 456 potential circumcisions not performed. Conclusion Decreases in newborn male circumcision frequency correlated with the Medicaid policy change for the procedure. Efforts should be made to reduce barriers for cost-effective preventive procedures that promote health, such as newborn male circumcision.

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