Waqf and Authority Dynamics: Reconfigurations of a Pious Institution in Colonial Malabar, South India

2021 ◽  
pp. 239386172110461
Author(s):  
Naseef M.K. ◽  
Santhosh R.
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
South India ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Complex Product ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The formative years of Darul Uloom, Vazhakkad, a well-known Muslim waqf institution in northern Kerala in India established in the late nineteenth century for imparting religious education, is examined in this article. Darul Uloom is probably the first registered waqf in Kerala and by analysing the registered waqf deeds of this institution, we seek to understand the operation of authority and management in the initial years of this institution, especially in the background of contestations between emergent Islamic reformists and traditionalists. We trace the significant reformulation of the foundational intent evident in the subsequent deeds by later custodians and the intervention of various social groups, particularly the local community, in refashioning the trajectory of the waqf. A shift in authority—a complex product of theological, political and economic contestations emerged in the context of transformations brought by British Colonialism in Malabar—is evident in this process. Through our analysis, we suggest that waqf institutions and its legal foundations were highly dynamic and adaptive to their changing social contexts as against the portrayal of these Islamic institutions as stagnant and inflexible.

36. Principles, pragmatism, and prohibition: explaining continuity and change in british drug policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyses the development of British policy on illicit drugs from the late nineteenth century until 2016. It shows how this is characterized by contestation between social groups who have an interest in the control and regulation of some drugs and their users. It argues that there is a ‘medico-penal constellation’ of powerful organizations that produce British drug policy in accordance with their own ideas and interest. There have been clashes between the different principles held by people within these organizations but these have often been dealt with through the creation of pragmatic compromises. Recent examples include policies towards ‘recovery’ in drug treatment and new psychoactive substances whilst heroin-related deaths are used to explain why, so far, these pragmatic compromises have not ended the prohibition upon which British drug policy is based.

scholarly journals IL SIGNIFICATO DEL BICENTENARIO. COME UNA CONCLUSIONE

2013 ◽  
pp. 175-178
Author(s):  
Giorgio Pestelli
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Musical Drama ◽  
Contemporary Theatre ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Previous Generation ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The meaning of the bicentenary that solemnizes Verdi and Wagner two hundred years after their birth essentially derives from the emotion of facing two personalities extraordinary for their creative energy and inventive continuity. In all fields of art and culture, the late Nineteenth century image is conditioned by their presence. Born the very same year, they both looked for and created by themselves the accomplishments that musicians of the previous generation already possessed when they were barely twenty years old. They reached almost at the same time both the revelation of their personality (Der fliegende Holländer 1841, Nabucco 1842), and the fullness of their artistic means (Rigoletto 1851, Der Rheingold 1853), before attaining the acme of their trajectory with the astonishing operosity of their final years.While the analogy of this parallel course is impressive, the individuality of their creative patrimony is no less strong. This dissimilarity – more than on aesthetic or dramaturgic reasons, such as the distinction between naif and sentimental, or between “melodrama” and “musical drama” – rests on the different environments where it took root, each of them with its own alternative ideas of bourgeois society, of relationship with the public, the contemporary theatre and literature: that’s why it is important today to engage to enlighten the cultural and social contexts in which the genius of the two masters developed.

The Car and the Palanquin: Rival Accounts of the 1895 Riot in Kalugumalai, South India

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Good
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South India ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Town ◽  
Main Streets

The 1895 riot at Kalugumalai in the Tirunelveli District of Madras Presidency, South India, pitted the local Nadar community, then newly-converted to Roman Catholicism, against the main Hindu castes of Kalugumalai, particularly those associated with its Hindu temple and the Ettaiyapuram zamindari estate within which the town lay. It was the violent climax to a long-running dispute over the Nadars' right to take processions through the main streets, and one of the bloodiest episodes in a conflict which posed a severe threat to public order throughout South India in the late nineteenth century.

scholarly journals The Second Industrial Revolution and the Staples Frontier in Canada: Rethinking Knowledge And History

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Second Industrial Revolution

ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century the exploitation of Canada's softwood forests was transformed by the new technologies of the second Industrial Revolution. This can be understood in terms of Innis's staple thesis as the exploitation of natural resources on a margin for and using the technology of a more advanced Euro-American centre. The sociology of knowledge also provides a framework for analysis as old and new bodies of technical knowledge were possessed by and altered the relationships among different social groups. Changes were experienced both in the woods (pulpwood logging) and in the mills (pulp and paper making) in ways which were broadly similar but different in timing and other significant respects.

Rubber and the Environment in Malaysia

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beinart ◽  
Lotte Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Motor Industry ◽  
Chinese Origin ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The rise of the motor car created two very different commodity frontiers in the British Empire, one producing oil and the other rubber. The demand for rubber followed an often-repeated pattern in that it was shaped by scientific invention, technological change, and new patterns of consumption in the industrialized world. It was related directly to the development of new fossil fuels. Coal transformed shipping and overland transport by rail. Oil (Chapter 15) opened new realms for mobility. The invention in 1867 of the internal combustion engine by a German, Nikolaus Otto, and in 1885 of automobiles powered by gasoline-driven engines revolutionized transport, culture, and the South-East Asian environment. During the late nineteenth century, wild natural rubber booms swept through the tropical world, from Brazil to the Congo, leaving in their wake hardship and scandal. In Malaysia, there was a very different outcome—the development of plantations on a new capitalist agrarian frontier. Rubber became one of the single most important commodities produced in the Empire, and was enormously valuable to Britain not only for its own motor industry but also to sell to the United States. Whereas demand for some earlier imperial commodities was largely British, there was also significant consumption of rubber and oil in other parts of the Empire, especially the settler dominions. In the early decades of the twentieth century, rubber plantations, in parallel with expanding sugar production in Queensland, Natal, Trinidad, and Fiji, extended and intensified Britain’s engagement with the tropical zones of the world. Indentured workers replaced slaves as the major plantation workforce. South India was the major labour source for Malaysia, where the ports and tin-mining centres already had substantial Chinese communities. British colonialism in Malaysia left as its legacy a multi-ethnic society. By the 1930s about 55 per cent were indigenous Malays and Orang Asli, 35 per cent of Chinese origin, and close to 10 per cent Indian. Although capital was increasingly mobile by the late nineteenth century, extraction and production of the three major commodities of the twentieth century Empire proved to be highly location specific. Gold and oil were trapped in particular geological formations.

The Rhetoric of Economic Nationalism in the Bohemian Boycott Campaigns of the Late Habsburg Monarchy

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Late Nineteenth

During the decades prior to World War I, the Habsburg monarchy experienced an upsurge in national conflict. Nationalism emerged both as a form of identity politics, through which individuals became increasingly aware of their own national identity as well as that of others among whom they lived, and as a political ideology, calling for increased political, social, cultural, and economic rights for each national group. Thus, the rise in national feeling in the Habsburg monarchy led to the hardening of the boundaries separating national groups. As Jan Křen, Gary B. Cohen, and other have noted, Czechs and Germans not only became staunch political opponents, they also ceased to associate with each other privately or in social contexts by the late nineteenth century.

Protection

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Twomey ◽  
Katherine Ellinghaus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New South ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Special Volume ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article is the guest editors’ introduction to a special volume of Pacific Historical Review entitled “Protection: Global Genealogies, Local Practices.” Guest editors Christina Twomey and Katherine Ellinghaus argue that the global discourse of protection had a strong presence beyond British humanitarian circles and a longer chronological and larger geographical reach than historians have previously noted. Articles in the special volume include Christina Twomey’s examination of protection as a concept with its origins in European, rather than British, colonialism, Trevor Burnard’s study of the Protectors of slaves in Berbice in the early to mid-nineteenth century, Goolam Vahed’s analysis of the Protectors appointed to lobby on behalf of immigrant Indian indentured labourers in late nineteenth century Natal, Rachel Standfield’s investigation of the use of language in Protectorates in Australia and New Zealand in the 1840s, Amanda Nettelbeck’s exploration of the concept of Aboriginal vagrancy in Australia in the 1840s, and Katherine Ellinghaus’s comparison of the discourse of protection in policies of exemption and competency utlised in Oklahoma and New South Wales in the 1940s and 1950s.

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