Beyond Welfare

Invoking a broad catalog of applicable Bahá’í principles, this paper presents the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of a Bahá’í approach to economic growth and disparity and then maps these concepts onto an applied framework of economic rights and responsibilities. The framework that emerges thus both conceptualizes the underlying virtues that govern economic prosperity in a Bahá’í model and shows how these principles might lead to normative prescriptions for economic rights and responsibilities. The paper concludes that the Bahá’í principles dealing with economic prosperity expand the theory and practice of economic justice and give rise to individual and institutional rights and responsibilities that go beyond the imperatives of conventional models of welfare.

Experience of Female Entrepreneurs With Disabilities in Zimbabwe

The global population of people with disabilities is estimated to be around one billion which represents 15% of the population. It is further estimated that the majority of people with disabilities are found in developing countries to which the majority are women. Adding on to the challenge, 82% percent of disabled people live below the poverty line and can barely employ sustainable means of earning a living and neither can they widen livelihood options due to their circumstances. Thus, they are languishing in absolute poverty. Developing countries are lagging behind in promoting the economic rights of women with disabilities. This is mainly shown by their absence in formal employment because many developing countries do not have policies which facilitate the employment of women with disabilities. Women with disabilities in Zimbabwe are concentrated in light industry entrepreneurship. The majority are found in vending, buying, and selling of cloth and electrical items, others are involved in cross-border trading.

Employee’s work on the grounds of Polish Copyright Law

Motivation: Employees’ works are crucial in practice. The validity and need for discussions on the rights of the employer to the employee’s work is justified by the increasing concern for the observance of copyright, and also for employee–employer relations. By entering into an employment relationship, both parties must be aware of their rights and obligations. Aim: This article presents the issue of copyright status of an employee’s work regulated in the Article 12 and 13 of the Act on copyright and related rights. The considerations focus on the legal relationship between the employer and the employee-author, and the issue of acquiring author’s economic rights to the work created by the employee within the employment relationship. The article is based on the analysis of legal regulations and judicial decisions. Results: Regulating rights to the work created by the employee is dependent on the will of the parties. It is only the absence of contractual terms in this respect that results in a reference to the statutory provisions, which define the rules of transferring copyright for the employee’s work to the employer. Article 12 of the Act on copyright and related rights specifies grounds for secondary acquisition of copyright by the employer. One should remember that this regulation concerns solely author’s economic rights because author’s moral rights, which due to their nature are non-transferable, remain with the author or employee.

Birthplaces of Our Fear: Reception of Yuri Dud’s Documentary “Kolyma” in Social Media

The article examines reception of the online documentary "Kolyma — the birthplace of our fear" (produced by journalist Yuri Dud in 2019) in social networks. In their comments, internet users regard other topics along with the Soviet repressions, to which the film is dedicated. They discuss the traumatic experience of the recent past, namely the late Soviet period, the collapse of the USSR, the 1990s, and contemporary problems. As a result of analysis of YouTube comments, we identify two trauma narratives. The first narrative is based on the idea of violation of civil human rights, the second focuses on the violation of socio-economic rights. Different topics appear in comments and posts on social media depending on which rights viewers consider key and which they pay more attention to when watching the documentary. In the case of civil rights, these include contemporary political repressions in Russia, names of famous political prisoners, references to recent protests. In the case of socio-economic rights, these topics include privatization, oligarchs, economic reforms, inequality. Those users who comment about the violation of socio-economic rights generally express a positive attitude towards the USSR and a critical attitude towards capitalism. Topics such as corruption or the problems of the penitentiary system in Russia are “inbetween” — they are important symbols in both narratives. The study clarifies how the cultural trauma narrative of the recent past and present-day events is formed. We also demonstrate how this process takes place on social media, and how social media enables participation of ordinary users and not only public figures.

The distribution of economic rights to intellectual property rights objects, created in higher education institutions of Ukraine on order

Keywords: the distribution of economic rights; economic intellectual property rights; intellectualproperty rights objects, created on order; higher education institutions; intellectualproperty rights of higher education institutions; intellectual property rights objects;agreements for the creation on order and the use of intellectual property rights objects The article investigates the procedure for the distribution of economic rights to IPR objects,created in higher education institutions of Ukraine on order. In the course of researchgeneral requirements of the current legislation of Ukraine concerning possiblevariants of distribution of economic rights to IPR objects, created on order, have been defined.Based on this analysis it has been found that the legislator departed from the previouslyexisting unified approach to the distribution of economic rights to IPR objects,created on order, therefore, there are currently several legally enshrined approaches tothe distribution of economic rights to such objects. At the same time, the choice of one oranother option will depend on the type of the IPR object, created on order (work or anotherIPR objects), and in some cases from the purpose of its creation (has been createdspecifically as a piece of software or not).In addition, the author discovered the existence of a legal conflict between the provisionsof Part. 4 Art. 440 and Art. 1112 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, Part 6 of Art. 33 ofthe Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» regarding the approach to thedistribution of economic rights, in particular, to works, created on order (except for worksof visual art). Also, it has been established that Art. 430 and Art. 1112 of the Civil Codeof Ukraine contain a different approach to determining the list of IPR objects, that can becreated on order.The article also disclosed the consequences of the existence of these inconsistencies forthe law enforcement practice, including for resolving the issue of choosing an appropriateform of agreement for the settlement of legal relations regarding the creation of IPR objects,other than a work, which are included in the concept of "an object, created on order"today. The fundamental importance of solving this issue for the educational sphere hasbeen revealed.Based on the results of the study, a general vision of possible options for the distributionof economic rights to IPR objects, created in higher education institutions of Ukraineon order, has been outlined. Also, suggestions to improve the legislation of Ukraine havebeen made.

The Concept of "Women's Rights" and Constitutional Freedom of Labor: Terminology Clarifications and Implementation Problems

The publication is aimed at defining the essence of the concept of "women's rights". The article shows that the concept of “women's rights” is widely used in the system of normative legal acts in Russia. The domestic legislator, resolutely opposing gender asymmetry, understands the rights of women as a system of integral and inalienable rights, freedoms and obligations for every woman, girl, adolescent girl, regardless of her age, citizenship, race, ethnic or religious affiliation. Using hermeneutic tools, an attempt is made to show the content and problems of the implementation of the labor rights of females. The article emphasizes that horizontal segregation develops under the influence of many factors due to the mentality and preference of various types of activities for men and women. Ultimately, women in general end up with lower income jobs. The authors found that the problems in Russia are the separation of professions into "male" and "female", which entails different wages; the feminization of poverty and unemployment; horizontal professional mobility for women. The increasing number of appeals associated with the violation of the socio-economic rights of women and their making the most of their labor potential become the subject of justice, in particular of constitutional justice in the Russian Federation.