scholarly journals Implementing a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in R with a case study of the changing scales of residential ethnic segregation in England and Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Harris ◽  
Dewi Owen
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Index Of Dissimilarity

This paper introduces the Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity package, which provides tools and functions to fit a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in the open source software, R. It extends the conventional Index of Dissimilarity to measure both the amount and geographic scale of segregation, thereby capturing the two principal dimensions of segregation, unevenness and clustering. The statistical basis for the multilevel approach is discussed, making connections to other work in the field and looking especially at the relationships between the Index of Dissimilarity, variance as a measure of segregation, and the partitioning of the variance to identify scale effects. A brief tutorial for the package is provided followed by a case study of the scales of residential segregation for various ethnic groups in England and Wales. Comparing 2001 with 2011 Census data, we find that patterns of segregation are emerging at less localised geographical scales but the Index of Dissimilarity is falling. This is consistent with a process whereby minority groups have spread out into more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods.

The changing interaction of ethnic and socio-economic segregation in England and Wales, 1991–2011

Ethnicities ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Harris ◽  
Ron Johnston ◽  
David Manley
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
The Uk

Following the publication of the 2001 and 2011 Census data, considerable attention has been given to patterns of ethnic residential segregation within the UK. The evidence contributes to debates about integration; however, as Kapoor (2013) has argued, discussion about it also risks promoting the idea that what we measure is voluntary segregation, arising from the outcome of residential choices and a preference to live with one's ethno-cultural peers. In reality, ethnic and social segregation overlap and are easily confounded; it is important to pay attention to where they geographically coincide. In this paper we use an area typology to assess whether minority ethnic groups are disproportionately concentrated in neighbourhoods in England and Wales containing the lowest proportions of their adult populations in full-time employment, and evaluate how those concentrations have changed between 1991 and 2011. We consider the (residential) exposure of the ethnic groups to the White British and also to each other, and identify the groups affected by the persistence of economic disadvantage. The analysis shows that patterns of ethnic segregation intersect strongly with neighbourhoods of socio-economic disadvantage, with inequalities in the labour market and the increase of part-time working suggested as contributing factors. A decreased exposure to the White British is an increased characteristic of the disadvantaged neighbourhoods where minority groups live. However, exposure between those groups has increased.

Residential segregation of same-sex partnered households in the US

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 973-981
Author(s):  
Danielle Xiaodan Morales
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Usa

Purpose Quantitative research on the segregation of same-sex partners in the USA is new, and limited by challenges related to the accurate measurement of segregation and data errors. The purpose of this paper is to provide a novel approach to re-examine residential segregation between same-sex partners and different-sex partners in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Two versions of the dissimilarity index and corrected same-sex partners data from the 2010 decennial census were used. Effects of different geographic scales were examined. Findings Results reveal that the levels of segregation of both male and female same-sex partners were higher at metropolitan- vs state-levels; the levels of segregation was lower when measured using the unbiased as compared to the conventional version of the D-index; and male same-sex partnered households were more segregated from different-sex partnered households than were female same-sex partnered households. Research limitations/implications Future studies should be attuned to geographic scale effects and should not ignore the bias of the D-index. Originality/value This study provides a better test of the differences between the two versions of the D-index and contributes to the literature by examining the segregation of both male same-sex partners and female same-sex partners across different geographic scales.

scholarly journals Measuring the changing pattern of ethnic segregation in England and Wales with Consumer Registers

2020 ◽  
pp. 239980832091977
Author(s):  
Tian Lan ◽  
Jens Kandt ◽  
Paul Longley
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
Ethnic Classification ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Annual Resolution

Analysis of changing patterns of ethnic residential segregation is usually framed by the coarse categorisations of ethnicity used in censuses and other large-scale public sector surveys and by the infrequent time intervals at which such surveys are conducted. In this paper, we use names-based classification of Consumer Registers to investigate changing degrees of segregation in England and Wales over the period 1997–2016 at annual resolution. We find that names-based ethnic classification of the individuals that make up Consumer Registers provides reliable estimates of the residential patterning of different ethnic groups and the degree to which they are segregated. Building upon this finding, we explore more detailed segregation patterns and trends of finer groups at annual resolutions and discover some unexpected trends that have hitherto remained unrecorded by Census-based studies. We conclude that appropriately processed Consumer Registers hold considerable potential to contribute to various domains of urban geography and policy.

scholarly journals Beyond the Census Tract: Patterns and Determinants of Racial Segregation at Multiple Geographic Scales

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrett A. Lee ◽  
Sean F. Reardon ◽  
Glenn Firebaugh ◽  
Chad R. Farrell ◽  
Stephen A. Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Hispanic White

The census tract—based residential segregation literature rests on problematic assumptions about geographic scale and proximity. We pursue a new tract-free approach that combines explicitly spatial concepts and methods to examine racial segregation across egocentric local environments of varying size. Using 2000 Census data for the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compute a spatially modified version of the information theory index H to describe patterns of Black—White, Hispanic-White, Asian-White, and multigroup segregation at different scales. We identify the metropolitan structural characteristics that best distinguish micro-segregation from macro-segregation for each group combination, and we decompose their effects into portions due to racial variation occurring over short and long distances. A comparison of our results with those from tract-based analyses confirms the value of the new approach.

scholarly journals Indigenous residential segregation in towns and cities, 1976–2016

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Markham ◽  
Nicholas Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
New South ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Apparent Decrease ◽  
The Town ◽  
Index Of Dissimilarity

Indigenous people tend to live in different parts of Australian towns and cities than the non-Indigenous population. This is due to a combination of historic and contemporary government policies, the agency of Indigenous people, and the constraints placed on residential location by the interaction of the housing and labour markets. This study traces the trajectory of Indigenous residential segregation in 60 Australian towns and cities, using census data from 1976 to 2016. Segregation is measured using the index of dissimilarity and the threshold method. Indigenous residential segregation has been declining steadily since 1976 nationally. However, there has been a great deal of variation in segregation trajectories among towns and cities. In Sydney and Melbourne, segregation remained relatively high over the study period. The level of segregation in 1976 appears to be related to the geographical remoteness of the town, with remote towns generally having lower levels of segregation in 1976. Segregation has been decreasing most rapidly in regional towns in New South Wales and Queensland. Finally, this study has found a long-run increase in the proportion of Indigenous residents living in highly Indigenous neighbourhoods, consistent with the increasingly close settlement of Indigenous people in Australian towns and cities. This trend is at odds with the apparent decrease in segregation found when segregation is measured using the index of dissimilarity. Detailed case studies may be required that examine how concrete historical geographies and policy legacies combine with contemporary housing markets to produce the configuration of segregation that we see today.

Measures of Segregation and Diversity Across Local Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Richard Harris ◽  
Ron Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
School Age ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

Data about the school age population in Local Education Authorities provide contextual information about what is happening in terms of patterns of ethnic segregation at a broad geographic scale. In regard to the number of each ethnic group per local authority, the White British now have greater potential to be ‘exposed’ to other groups than they did in the past (to reside and be schooled alongside them) because the numbers of those other groups have grown. The reverse is not true, however, because the potential exposure of ‘minority’ groups to the White British has declined with their reduced number or lower growth rate compared to most other groups. All but ten authorities have a more diverse school age population overall.

scholarly journals Examining Ethnic Exposure through the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem: A Case Study of Xining, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Tan ◽  
Mei-Po Kwan ◽  
Zifeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Neighborhood Effect ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Averaging Problem ◽  
Group Experience

An increasing number of studies have observed that ignoring individual exposures to non-residential environments in people’s daily life may result in misleading findings in research on environmental exposure. This issue was recognized as the neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP). This study examines ethnic segregation and exposure through the perspective of NEAP. Focusing on Xining, China, it compares the Hui ethnic minorities and the Han majorities. Using 2010 census data and activity diary data collected in 2013, the study found that NEAP exists when examining ethnic exposure. Respondents who live in highly mixed neighborhoods (with high exposures to the other ethnic group) experience lower activity-space exposures because they tend to conduct their daily activities in ethnically less mixed areas outside their home neighborhoods (which are more segregated). By contrast, respondents who live in highly segregated neighborhoods (with low exposures to the other ethnic group) tend to have higher exposures in their activity locations outside their home neighborhoods (which are less segregated). Therefore, taking into account individuals’ daily activities in non-residential contexts in the assessment of environmental exposure will likely lead to an overall tendency towards the mean exposure. Using Tobit models, we further found that specific types of activity places, especially workplaces and parks, contribute to NEAP. Ignoring individual exposures in people’s activity places will most likely result in misleading findings in the measurement of environmental exposure, including ethnic exposure.

scholarly journals Using Building Floor Space for Station Area Population and Employment Estimation

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Bor Tsong Teh ◽  
Michihiko Shinozaki ◽  
Loon Wai Chau ◽  
Chin Siong Ho
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Floor Space ◽  
Aggregate Information ◽  
Block Data ◽  
Remote Estimation ◽  
Demographic Attributes

Analyzing population and employment sizes at the local finer geographic scale of transit station areas offers valuable insights for cities in terms of developing better decision-making skills to support transit-oriented development. Commonly, the station area population and employment have been derived from census tract or even block data. Unfortunately, such detailed census data are hardly available and difficult to access in cities of developing countries. To address this problem, this paper explores an alternative technique in remote estimation of population and employment by using building floor space derived from an official administrative geographic information system (GIS) dataset. Based on the assumption that building floor space is a proxy to a number of residents and workers, we investigate to what extent they can be used for estimating the station area population and employment. To assess the model, we employ five station areas with heterogeneous environments in Tokyo as our empirical case study. The estimated population and employment are validated with the actual population and employment as reported in the census. The results indicate that building floor space, together with the city level aggregate information of building morphology, the density coefficient, demographic attributes, and real estate statistics, are able to generate a reasonable estimation.

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