Evolution of Esophageal Motility Testing: From Kronecker to Clouse

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Grubic ◽  
Peter F. Crookes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Esophageal Motility ◽  
Mechanical Function ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Boston University ◽  
Perfused Catheters

Esophageal motility, the science of quantifying the mechanical function of the esophagus, was initiated by Hugo Kronecker in Germany in 1882. Little progress was made until after World War II, when motility studies began in the Mayo Clinic and Boston University. After 1960, several key figures promoted the science, including Lauran Harris, Don Castell, Jerry Dodds, Tom DeMeester, Peter Kahrilas, and Ray Clouse. All were inspirational teachers and mentors as well as scientists. The technical developments from balloons and perfused catheters to the current solid-state catheters and sophisticated software has provided insights which have helped physicians to treat patients with dysfunction of the esophagus with increasing success.

Academia's Golden Age

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Freeland
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
General Education ◽  
Graduate Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Boston College ◽  
Boston University ◽  
Close Study ◽  
University Of Massachusetts ◽  
National Trends ◽  
The University

This book examines the evolution of American universities during the years following World War II. Emphasizing the importance of change at the campus level, the book combines a general consideration of national trends with a close study of eight diverse universities in Massachusetts. The eight are Harvard, M.I.T., Tufts, Brandeis, Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern and the University of Massachusetts. Broad analytic chapters examine major developments like expansion, the rise of graduate education and research, the professionalization of the faculty, and the decline of general education. These chapters also review criticisms of academia that arose in the late 1960s and the fate of various reform proposals during the 1970s. Additional chapters focus on the eight campuses to illustrate the forces that drove different kinds of institutions--research universities, college-centered universities, urban private universities and public universities--in responding to the circumstances of the postwar years.

The Mayo Clinic World War II Short Course and Its Effect on Anesthesiology

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Martin ◽  
Christopher M. Burkle ◽  
Brian P. McGlinch ◽  
Mary E. Warner ◽  
Alan D. Sessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Course

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

Sir Alan Herries Wilson. 2 July 1906 — 30 September 1995

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 547-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Sondheimer
Keyword(s):  
State Physics ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Distinguished Career

Alan Wilson was one of the founders of modern theoretical solid-state physics. In two fundamental papers in 1931 he applied band theory to explain the distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors and to elucidate the mechanism of conduction in semiconductors. These ideas underlie the later invention of the transistor and many of the developments in microelectronics that are revolutionizing today's technology. After World War II, Wilson left academic life to pursue a second, highly distinguished, career in industry.

scholarly journals Jacques Friedel. 11 February 1921 — 27 August 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian P. Sutton ◽  
Olivier Hardouin Duparc
Keyword(s):  
State Physics ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
World War ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
European Physical Society ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Jacques Friedel was the father of condensed matter and materials physics in France. He was an educator, researcher and leader who transformed physics in France after World War II. He was one of the most respected and influential scientists in Europe, a co-founder of the Laboratory of Solid State Physics at Orsay, President of the European Physical Society, and President of the Academy of Sciences in France.

Transformation of the Urban University: Boston University, Boston College, and Northeastern, 1945–1972

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Freeland
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Local Service ◽  
Institutional Goals ◽  
Boston College ◽  
Campus Leaders ◽  
Boston University ◽  
Urban University ◽  
National University ◽  
Service Oriented

Boston’s three local, private, teaching and service-oriented, commuter universities—Boston University, Boston College, and Northeastern, classic urban universities in the years before World War II—undertook to change themselves in fundamental ways during the golden age. B.U., reaching back to its nineteenth-century origins, sought to re-create itself as a comprehensive regional and national university. Boston College, drawing on the ancient academic traditions of the Society of Jesus, worked to become the nation’s top Jesuit university and a leading force in Catholic intellectual and professional life. Northeastern, with its philosophical roots in service to the low-income population and business community of Boston, tried to balance its historic concerns with a new impulse toward national prominence in cooperative education. All three invested heavily in graduate education and research, and B.U. and B.C., in upgrading their undergraduate student bodies, shed their identities as local, service-oriented campuses. At the end of the period, only N.U. remained centrally committed to the functions of an urban university, though it, too, had taken steps to reduce its emphasis on local service. Boston’s three nonelite, private universities were hit hard by World War II, but campus leaders were conscious of predictions that the return of peace would bring a new period of expansion. By the middle of the war, Presidents Marsh of B.U. and Ell of Northeastern and the provincial Jesuit hierarchy that governed B.C., frustrated by fifteen difficult years, were turning their attention to postwar opportunities. Throughout the war, Marsh later wrote, “we kept getting ready” to “jump quickly” after the fighting stopped. Ell was equally eager. “When the war is over,” he wrote in 1943, “Northeastern will be prepared.” The senior president among the universities of Massachusetts, B.U.’s Marsh was in his middle sixties during World War II and was determined to make concrete progress toward his institutional goals in the short period in office remaining to him. Since his appointment in 1926, he had emphasized three aspects of B.U.: its religious heritage as a non-sectarian, Methodist university with a strong School of Theology; its public-service role as a diversified educational resource for the Boston area; and its academic possibilities as one of the nation’s largest universities with a full range of graduate and professional programs.

scholarly journals „Povrat h krščanskemu mišljenju in življenju” Cilji in metode Krekovega krščansko socialnega gibanja

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Šuler-Galos
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Conservative Values

„Return to Christian thought and life”: the objectives and methods of Janez Krek's Christian-social movementThe turn of the twentieth century in Slovenian culture was marked by a movement, later dubbed “political Catholicism.” The cultural and economic narrative which arose from the movement was in the long term of much greater importance than the political objectives of the Catholic movement itself. The aim of this article is to describe the narrative from the point of view of its most prominent representative, Janez Evangelist Krek (1865–1917).Doctor Krek’s conservative social reforms were able to become one of the pillars of the Slovenian collective consciousness solely because they could be bent to conform to the recurring cultural templates used by the Slovenian society to accept and reshape changes since as early as the beginning of nineteenth century. The imagery constituted by these templates is termed domestic in the article. This is to mean that it is based upon pre-modern cultural capital and traditional survival strategies. Doctor Krek’s work is proof of the ease with which domestic imagery “swallowed” modernity and “spat it out” onto the fringe of society, into the sphere of technical developments, which was then used to protect conservative values and institutions. Paradoxically, it was only in this form that the domestic imagery allowed for the relatively easy acceptance of socialism after World War II. „Powrót do chrześcijańskiego myślenia i życia”. Cele i metody chrześcijańsko-społecznego ruchu Janeza Evangelisty Kreka Na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w kulturze słoweńskiej silnie zaznaczył się ruch później nazwany politycznym katolicyzmem. Bardziej niż postulaty polityczne tego ruchu na rozwój kolektywnej świadomości Słoweńców wpłynęła towarzysząca mu narracja łącząca wątki gospodarcze z kulturowymi. Celem artykułu jest opisanie tej narracji z punktu widzenia jej najważniejszego przedstawiciela – Janeza Evangelisty Kreka (1865–1917).Konserwatywne i prowadzone w duchu społeczno-chrześcijańskim reformy doktora Kreka mogły stać się konstytutywną częścią słoweńskiej świadomości kolektywnej tylko dlatego, że zostały one dopasowane do powtarzających się wzorców, za pomocą których społeczeństwo słoweńskie przynajmniej od początku XIX wieku przyjmowało i adaptowało nowe idee. Imaginarium ukształtowane przez takie wzorce jest w artykule nazwane „swojskim”, ponieważ opiera się na przednowoczesnym kapitale kulturowym i tradycyjnych strategiach przetrwania. Z zadziwiającą łatwością imaginarium „swojskości”, obserwowane w artykule z punktu widzenia działalności doktora Kreka, odsunęło na bok znaczące postulaty nowoczesności, skupiając się na osiągnięciach techniki, które często służyły do przechowywania konserwatywnych wartości i instytucji. W postaci „swojskiej nowoczesności” imaginarium to, paradoksalnie, umożliwiło stosunkowo bezkonfliktowe przyjęcie socjalizmu po II wojnie światowej.

scholarly journals Solid-State Chemistry in France: Structures and Dynamics of a Scientific Community Since World War II

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Teissier
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Solid State Chemistry ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Schools ◽  
Disciplinary Matrix

This paper tells the history of solid-state chemistry in France from 1945 to the present. There, the chemical study of solids was carried out by a national, academic community of solid-state chemists, which went through three successive organizational regimes. It was first framed by prewar traditions, taking the form of a feudal regime of Parisian research schools until the late 1950s. As the first post-World War II generation gained power and influence, research schools tended to drop their local specificity and the same disciplinary matrix spread across the country. This disciplinary regime was made possible through the centralized administration of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). Finally, a multiplication of practices and socializations blurred common standards in the 1980s, which shifted the community toward a cluster regime where numerous thematic groups loosely interacted under a broader umbrella influenced by materials science. This case study investigates the institutional and epistemic structures and dynamics of a scientific community in a national context. The empirical analysis relies heavily on oral history, which affords special attention to the perceptions, discourses, and identities of the actors. The self-identification of chemists not only reflected their own beliefs but also constantly referred to their alter egos, the French solidstate physicists.

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